Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565

The "Toccata and Fugue in D minor", BWV 565, is a piece of organ music commonly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach, composed sometime between 1703 and 1707. It is one of the most famous works in the organ repertoire, and has been used in a variety of popular media ranging from film, to video games, to rock music, to cellphone ringtones and used for the autumn holiday Halloween.

core

Toccata

As indicated by the accepted title of the piece, the "Toccata and Fugue" is scored in D minor. It is not in dorian mode as the key signature supposes, as it was common practice in the Baroque period to write in leading tone accidentals rather than in the key signature. It begins with a single-voice flourish in the upper ranges of the keyboard, doubled at the octave. It then spirals toward the bottom, where a diminished seventh chord appears, built one note at a time. This resolves into a D major chord, taken from the parallel major mode.

Fugue

The subject of the four-voice fugue is made up entirely of sixteenth notes, with an implied pedal point set against a brief melodic subject that first falls, then rises. The second entry starts in the sub-dominant key rather than the dominant key. Although unusual for a Bach fugue, this is a real answer and is appropriate following a subject that progresses from V to I and then to V below I by a leap. A straightforward dominant answer would sound atonal and odd in a Baroque piece.

After the final entry of the fugal melody, the composition resolves to the key's corresponding major, B-flat, that is held. From there, a coda is played as a cadenza much like the Toccata itself, resolving to a series of chords followed by arpeggios that progress to other paired chords, each a little lower than the one preceding, leading to the signature finale that is as recognizable as the Toccata's introduction.

Compositional process

Influence of other composers

The source of the rhapsodic treatment in Bach's earlier organ works is reminiscent of Dieterich Buxtehude, whom Bach greatly admired in his early years. In 1706 he even absented himself from his job in order to hear Buxtehude in Lübeck.

Ringk's handwriting

Buxtehude's organ works, like those of his contemporaries, are characterized by the presence of the "stylus phantasticus", a performance style derived from improvisation. The "stylus phantasticus" included elements of excitement and bravura, with adventurous harmonies and sudden changes in registration. Buxtehude's free organ works made great use of these elements. These works generally began with a free section, followed by an imitative section (sometimes a full-blown fugue), then another free section, and then another imitative section (usually based on motivic material from the first imitative section), and finally another free section. BWV 565 derives several of its stylistic elements from this earlier form of organ music, in particular the "stylus phantasticus".

In the Fugue, the F major episode (an elaboration of the Fugue subject) is nearly identical to a passage in a Fantasia in D minor by Johann Pachelbel. The original passage by Pachelbel is the source for Subject of Bach's Fugue, and its use is possibly a homage to the older composer. Fact|date=August 2008 As noted in J. S. Bach's obituary, it was common practice for Bach to use other composers' work as inspiration for his own. (The Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor BWV 582 first half of the Basso Ostinato are taken form Andre Raison's G minor Passacaglia for Organ, The F Major 2 part invention's theme is derived from a G minor Concerto theme by Vivaldi, and numerous Organ Fugues were written on a number of Italian Composers themes; the term "Bach the Borrower" was coined as a result).

The exceptional number of fermatas and broken chords in the "Toccata and Fugue" BWV 565 has been explained by some (for example, Klaus Eidam; see references below) on the supposition that Bach composed it as a work to test an organ, which he did regularly. The first thing Bach is said to have done when testing an organ is to pull out all the stops and play in the fullest possible texture, in order to see if the organ had good bellows to provide plenty of wind to the instrument: not enough, and the pitch would be unsteady, and tone quality would be inferior. The opening of BWV 565, with its three opening flourishes and massive rolled chord, would serve as a good test for an organ's winding system.

Attribution

Some musicologists, including Peter Williams, cite several factors that they argue makes the attribution uncertain. ["BWV 565: a toccata in D minor for organ by J. S. Bach?", "Early Music", vol. 9, July, 1981, pp. 330-337. ] Williams claims that the copyist who created the oldest known manuscript (Johannes Ringk, 1717-1778) was a student of Bach's, who had access to some of Bach's manuscripts, and whose reputation is dubious. He is believed to have passed off inauthentic (as well as authentic) works under the composer's name. The work abounds in fermatas, not common in organ music of Bach's day. (But Bach even at this time was unusual in notating much ornamentation). Williams also alleges that various musical passages in the work are simply too crude musically to be by Bach. Williams's views have more recently been endorsed in a book-length study by the musicologist Rolf Dietrich Claus, cited below.

On the other hand, renowned Bach scholar Christoph Wolff and others argue that the work is indeed by Bach, and is probably a transcription of an organ improvisation of the sort he used when testing organs, perhaps originating very early in his career, from the 1700s. [Wolff alludes to factors arguing for Bach's authorship, such as stylistic points, in an interview about Bach's organ works on the DVD recording "21st century Bach" by John Scott WhiteleyHe further discusses the issue with musical examples in his 2001 biography, "Johann Sebastian Bach - The Learned Musician" (ISBN 0199248842, p.72)] .] Helmut Walcha, a respected 20th-century authority on Bach's organ works, also regarded the Toccata and Fugue as the original work of J.S. Bach. Even though Walcha was known to only include pieces that were undoubtedly authentic in his Bach organ recordings, [ Walcha, Helmut. "Bach: Das Orgelwerk 1957-42" liner notes.] the Toccata and Fugue in D minor appears in both of his complete recordings of Bach's organ works.

It is very unlikely that Ringk would have had knowledge of the work by Pachelbel alluded to in the F major episode. There is no proof that J Ringk was a pupil of Bach as Peter Williams contends. Very few of Bach's organ works survive in autograph score and many were discarded after they had been stylistically or structurally superseded as Bach's composition style matured. [See Peter Williams's book "The Organ Music of J. S. Bach", ISBN 0521891159 for a detailed assessment of this matter.] J. S. Bach did occasionally write consecutive fifths: for example, in the Fifth Brandenburg Concerto (which he later corrected to hidden octaves). [See The Six Brandenburg Concertos, Dover reprint of the Bach Geschellschaft Edition, Preface, list of variants from the MS. for Brandenburg Concerto number 5.] Bach uses imperfect consecutive (similar motion) fifths, (diminished Fifth to Perfect Fifths) in his vocal works. These imperfect similar fifths are not avoided by Bach unless they appear between the soprano and bass. [The Contrapuntal Harmonic Technique of the 18th Century, page 38, Allen McHose, 1947, F. S . Crofts & Company, New York.]

The allegation that "various musical passages in the work are simply too crude musically to have been Bach's work" must be tempered by the likelihood that the piece is partly, even mostly, improvisational. [ Wolff, Christoph. "Johann Sebastian Bach - The Learned Musician" (ISBN 0199248842, p.72)] .]

Williams also argues that the Toccata and Fugue was transcribed by Bach from an earlier work for violin.

Violin transcription

Williams has hypothesized that the Toccata was not originally written for organ, but was transcribed from an earlier work for solo violin. Williams places this original violin work a fifth higher, in the key of A minor, so that the work begins on a high E and descends almost to the lowest note on the instrument:Fact|date=July 2007

Williams put his theory into practice by writing a reconstruction of the conjectured original violin work, which has been performed (by violinists Jaap Schröder and Simon Standage) and published. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E6D71038F930A2575AC0A962948260 New York Times review of a Standage performance: "It sounded disconcertingly effective"] ] The violinist Andrew Manze subsequently produced his own reconstruction, also in A minor, which he has performed widely and recorded.

Bach is known to have transcribed solo violin works for organ at least twice. The Prelude first movement of the Partita in E major for solo violin, BWV 1006, was converted by Bach into the solo organ part of the opening movement of the Cantata BWV 29 "Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir". Bach also transcribed the Fugue movement of his Sonata in G minor for solo violin BWV 1001 as the second half of the Prelude and Fugue in D minor for organ, BWV 539.Fact|date=July 2007

Transcriptions

This popular work has been transcribed many times. Around the end of the 19th century a "second wave" Bach revival occurred (the first having been the one launched earlier in the 19th century by Mendelssohn among others). In the second wave, much of Bach's instrumental music was adapted to resources that were available in "salon" settings (for example solo piano, or chamber ensembles). The composer and pianist Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924) was a leader of this movement, and wrote many piano transcriptions of Bach compositions, which often radically alter the original. Among them was a virtuosic version of the "Toccata and Fugue". An earlier virtuoso piano transcription also once much in vogue was by Carl Tausig (1841-1871); pianist Marie Novello chose it for what one source claims to be the "Toccata and Fugue"'s first recording. [ [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/NVD/PT-Tausig-Rec.htm Bach-Tausig - Piano Transcriptions of Bach's Works - Recordings ] ] Among other arrangements that have appeared on record are those by Percy Grainger and Ignaz Friedman.

The Disney film "Fantasia", released in 1940, opens with Leopold Stokowski's transcription for large orchestra of the "Toccata and Fugue". In 1927, the date of this transcription, authentic performance practice was still more than half a century away. Stokowski's first 78rpm disc of 1927 was an international best-seller which introduced the music to many record collectors. He recorded it several more times in subsequent years. Others who have transcribed the Toccata and Fugue for orchestra include Lucien Cailliet, Rene Leibowitz, Leonidas Leonardi, Alois Melichar, Eugene Ormandy, Fabien Sevitzky, Stanislaw Skrowaczewski, and Sir Henry Wood.

In 1993 Salvatore Sciarrino made an arrangement for solo flute of BWV 565. This transcription was recorded in the early 21st century by Mario Caroli. [ [http://www.zigzag-territoires.com/ZZT040802.html Zig Zag Territoires: ZZT 040802] ] [A review by Peter Grahame Woolf of this interpretation can be found here: http://www.musicalpointers.co.uk/reviews/cddvd/SciarrinoBachCaroli.htm]

The Canadian Brass ensemble performed an arrangement of BWV 565 arranged by former member Fred Mills, which appeared on the album The Pachelbel Canon and Other Great Baroque Hits, released in 1980. [ [http://www.canbrass.com/reviews/reviews-10.html Canadian Brass - ABOUT US - REVIEWS ] ]

The work has been transcribed for wind ensemble several times, most notably by Erik Leidzen, Mark Hindsley, and Merlin Patterson.

ee also

* List of compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach

References

Scholarly

* Claus, Rolf-Dietrich. "Zur Echtheit von Toccata und Fuge d-moll BWV 565", Verlag Dohr, 2nd ed. Cologne, 1998. ISBN 3-925366-37-7. languageicon|de|German:: A comprehensive text dealing with authorship issues. See [http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/tomita/bachbib/review/bb-review_Claus-Echtheit565.html Yo Tomita's review] .
* Fox-Lefriche, Bruce. "The greatest violin sonata that J.S. Bach never wrote", "Strings" xix/3:122, October 2004, 43-55.
* Williams, Peter. "BWV 565: a toccata in D minor for organ by J. S. Bach?", "Early Music" 9, July 1981, 330-337.:: A free summary is available at [http://www.bachfaq.org/bwv565b.html BachFAQ.org] .

General reading

* Druckenbrod, Andrew. " [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05303/597490.stm A haunting tune, but is it really Bach's?] ", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 30, 2005.:: A summary of the authorship issue for the layperson.
* Eidam, Klaus. "The True Life of J. S. Bach", New York: Basic Books, 2001, tr. Hoyt Rogers. ISBN 0-465-01861-0.:: Chapter 4 focuses on this piece. The book, however, may not be factually accurate; see [http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/tomita/bachbib/review/bb-review_Eidam-TLJSB.html Yo Tomita's review] .

Notes

External links

Sheet music

* [http://icking-music-archive.org/ByComposer/J.S.Bach.php#bach565 BWV 565] at the Werner Icking Music Archive.
* [http://www.classical-scores.com/free/bach-toccata-and-fugue-in-d-minor-bwv-565-idparteng-263.html Sheet music for BWV 565]
*IMSLP2|id=Toccatas_for_Organ%2C_BWV_564-566_%28Bach%2C_Johann_Sebastian%29|cname=Toccata and Fugue in D minor - with a Solo Piano Transcription by Busoni.

Recordings

* [http://www.magle.dk/music-forums/23-bach-toccata-fugue-d.html Free download of BWV 565]
* [http://music.download.com/brenninkeller/3600-8167_32-101021513.html?tag=MDL_listing_song_artist Free mp3 of BWV 565]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o Animated version on YouTube]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1z12_Ps-gk Fantasia (1940), Stokowski's Transcription]

Compilations

* [http://wikipiano.wikidot.com/archive:toccata-and-fugue-in-d-minor-bwv-565 Free-content sheet music, audio and video of BWV 565]