Gheorghe Magheru

General Gheorghe Magheru (1802, Bârzeiul de Gilort, Gorj County—March 23, 1880) was a Romanian revolutionary and soldier from Wallachia, and political ally of Nicolae Bălcescu.

A Pandur and radical conspirator

Magheru began his activities as an Oltenian Pandur and hajduk in the area around Băileşti, and led his group into volunteering for the Imperial Russian side in the Russo-Turkish War - playing a part in the capture of Băileşti during the maneuvers. For his personal contribution, Magheru was decorated with the Order of Saint Anne by Tsar Alexander I himself.

He was one of the first Pandurs to join the Wallachian uprising of 1821 under the leadership of Tudor Vladimirescu. After the latter's assassination and the rebellion's failure, he returned to life as a local outlaw, only to join the Wallachian Army after a few years.

A competent soldier, Magheru went through several ranks in quick succession; at the same time, his past and career made him an important asset for the young radicals, who quickly won him for their side. He joined the Freemasonry-inspired "Frăţia" ("Brotherhood") secret society, founded in 1834 by Bălcescu, Christian Tell, and Ion Ghica, one which aimed to counter the arbitrary rule of Alexandru Ghica, and then plotting against Gheorghe Bibescu.

Râureni

After the outbreak of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution, Magheru served in the Provisional government formed by the radicals.

He is noted for organizing the revolutionary and Pandur army camp in Râureni—on the grounds belonging to the Schitu Troianu Monastery, at the time near Râmnicu Vâlcea (and now part of the city).

Magheru intended to use the army camp as a base for opposing threats to the Revolution, as early as the summer of that year. However, when the Ottoman troops swept into Bucharest in September, he ordered his troops to disband. In this, he probably followed the advice of the United Kingdom consul in the Wallachian capital. The pro-Ottoman attitude remained prevalent among revolutionaries: they had been well received by the Turks, who saw them as a means to oppose the overwhelming Russian influence over the Danubian Principalities, and were probably right in seeing the Turkish move as prompted exclusively by Russian requests (with Abd-ul-Mejid I careful not to leave the countries opened to the full force of Russian repression, which soon joined the Turkish armies in the occupation). This created the paradox of Russia enforcing conservative policies in Wallachia and Moldavia, while most revolutionaries were taking refuge in Istanbul. Magheru was very likely aware of such nuances, and he probably thought it best not to provoke a violent response.

Exile

In exile in Paris (mainly), Magheru was involved in many activities of the Wallachian émigrés. He expressed his concern that the Transylvanian Revolution of Romanian Austrian subjects, aimed at the separatist Hungarian government, was likely to provoke the Romanian fighters under Avram Iancu to side with a Russian intervention, thus making it impossible for Wallachia to negotiate or fight its way out of the occupation.

He approached the Hungarian leader Lajos Kossuth in January 1849, with a project that would have replaced the tight centralization with a confederation between Hungary and a more Romanian than not Transylvania.

The project was ignored by both sides: the Transylvanian Romanians thought of themselves as loyal subjects of the Habsburg Crown, and had already suffered waves of violence after Józef Bem's armies marched into the region (in the very same project, Magheru asked that Kossuth renounce the politics of repression and revolutionary terror).

Later life and legacy

Magheru returned to Wallachia and was active in "Partida Naţională", the movement working for the Union of Moldavia and Wallachia (it was largely composed of former 1848-activists in the two countries). Their political ideal was fulfilled on January 24 1859, when the already Prince of Moldavia Alexander John Cuza was elected in Bucharest.

One of the main arteries in Bucharest bears Magheru's name ("see Bulevardul Magheru"), and the campsite in Râureni is now a museum. He is honored on a postage stamp [World Association for the Development of Philately, [http://www.wnsstamps.ch/stamps/RO001.05/en.html Postage stamp featuring Gheorghe Magheru] ] issued by the Romanian Postal Service.

Notes

References

*Liviu Maior, "1848-1849. Români şi unguri în revoluţie", Bucharest, Editura Enciclopedică, 1998