Computer supported cooperative work

The term computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) was first coined by Irene Greif and Paul M. Cashman in 1984, at a workshop attended by individuals interested in using technology to support people in their workcite journal
author = Grudin, J.
year = 1994
title = Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Its History and Participation
journal = Computer
volume = 27
issue = 4
pages = 19–26
doi = 10.1109/2.291294] . At about this same time, in 1987 Dr. Charles Findley presented the concept of collaborative learning-work.According tocite journal
author = Carstensen, P.H.
coauthors = Schmidt, K.
year = 1999
title = Computer supported cooperative work: new challenges to systems design
url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/carstensen99computer.html
accessdate = 2007-08-03 ] , CSCW addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems." On the one hand, many authors consider that CSCW and groupware are synonyms. On the other hand, different authors claim that while groupware refers to real computer-based systems, CSCW focuses on the study of tools and techniques of groupware "as well as" their psychological, social, and organizational effects. The definition of cite book
author = Wilson, P.
year = 1991
title = Computer Supported Cooperative Work: An Introduction
publisher = Kluwer Academic Pub
isbn = ] expresses the difference between these two concepts:

Central concerns of CSCW

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a design-oriented academic field bringing together social psychologists, sociologists, and computer scientists, among others. Despite the variety of disciplines, CSCW is an identifiable research field focused on understanding characteristics of interdependent group work with the objective of designing adequate computer-based technology to support such cooperative work.

Over the years, CSCW researchers have identified a number of core dimensions of cooperative work. A non-exhaustive list includes:
* "Awareness": individuals working together need to be able to gain some level of shared knowledge about each other's activitiescite conference
author = Dourish, P.
coauthors = Bellotti, V.
year = 1992
pages = 107-114
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
title = Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA ] .
* "Articulation work": cooperating individuals must somehow be able to partition work into units, divide it amongst themselves and, after the work is performed, reintegrate itcite journal
author = Schmidt, K.
coauthors = Bannon, L.
year = 1992
title = Taking CSCW seriously
journal = Computer Supported Cooperative Work
number = 1
volume = 1
pages = 7–40
doi = 10.1007/BF00752449] cite journal
author = Strauss, A.
year = 1985
title = Work and the Division of Labor
journal = The Sociological Quarterly
number = 1
volume = 26
pages = 1–19
doi = 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00212.x] .
* "Appropriation" (or tailorability): how an individual or group adapts a technology to their own particular situation; the technology may appropriated in a manner completely unintended by the designerscite conference
author = MacKay, W.E.
year = 1990
title = Patterns of sharing customizable software
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 209-221
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99356&type=series
conferenceurl = ] cite journal
author = Dourish, P.
title = The Appropriation of Interactive Technologies: Some Lessons from Placeless Documents
journal = Computer Supported Cooperative Work
volume = 12
number = 4
year = 2003
pages = 465–490
publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers
address = Norwell, MA, USA
doi = 10.1023/A:1026149119426] cite journal
author = Schmidt, K.
title = Computer Support for Cooperative Work in Advanced Manufacturing
journal = International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing
volume = 1
number = 4
year = 1991
pages = 303–320
doi = 10.1002/hfm.4530010402] .

These concepts have largely been derived through the analysis of systems designed by researchers in the CSCW community, or through studies of existing systems (for example, Wikipedia). CSCW researchers that design and build systems try to address core concepts in novel ways. However, the complexity of the domain makes it difficult to produce conclusive results; the success of CSCW systems are often so contingent on the peculiarities of the social context that it is hard to generalize. Consequently, CSCW systems that are based on the design of successful ones may fail to be appropriated in other seemingly similar contexts for a variety of reasons that are nearly impossible to identify "a priori" cite conference
author = Grudin, J.
year = 1988
title = Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the design and evaluation of organization of organizational interfaces
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 85-93
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA ] . CSCW researcher Mark Ackerman calls this "divide between what we know we must support socially and what we can support technically" the socio-technical gap and describes CSCW's main research agenda to be "exploring, understanding, and hopefully ameliorating" this gap cite journal
author = "Ackerman, M."
title = The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The gap between social requirements and technical feasibility
year = 2000
journal = Human-Computer Interaction
volume = 15
pages = 179–203

doi = 10.1207/S15327051HCI1523_5] .

CSCW Matrix

One of the most common ways of conceptualizing CSCW systems is to consider the context of a system's use. One such conceptualization is the CSCW Matrix, first introduced in 1988 by Johansen; it also appears in cite book
author = Baecker, R.M.
coauthors = Others,
year = 1995
title = Readings in human-computer interaction: toward the year 2000
publisher = Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
isbn = ] . The matrix considers work contexts along two dimensions: first, whether collaboration is co-located or geographically distributed, and second, whether individuals collaborate synchronously (same time) or asynchronously (not depending on others to be around at the same time).

ame time/same place

Face to face interaction

* Roomware
* shared tables, wall displays
* Digital whiteboards
* Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
* Single display groupware

ame time/different place

Remote interaction

* Video-Conferencing,
* Real-time groupware
* Messaging (Instant messaging, Email, chat)
*

Different time/same place

Continuous task

* Team rooms,
* Large displays
* Post-it

Different time/different place

Communication + Coordination

* Wiki
* Blogs
* Workflow
* Version Control

CSCW most cited papers

The 47 [http://www.geocities.com/nm.misc/CSCWchasms.html CSCW Handbook Papers] cite conference
author = Jacovi, M.
coauthors = Soroka, V.; Gilboa-freedman, G.; Ur, S.; Shahar, E.; Marmasse, N.
year = 2006
title = The chasms of CSCW: a citation graph analysis of the CSCW conference
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 289-298
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1180875.1180920
conferenceurl = ] . This paper list is the result of a citation graph analysis of the CSCW Conference. It has been established in 2006 and reviewed by the CSCW Community. This list only contains papers published in one conference; papers published at other venues have also had significant impact on the CSCW community.

The “CSCW handbook” papers were chosen as the overall mostcited within the CSCW conference <...> It led to a list of 47 papers, corresponding to about 11% ofall papers.

# cite conference
author = Dourish, P.
coauthors = Bellotti, V.
year = 1992
pages = 107-114,
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
title = Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
# cite conference
author = Grudin, J.
year = 1988
title = Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the design and evaluation of organization of organizational interfaces
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 85-93
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62266.62273
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Root, R.W.
year = 1988
title = Design of a multi-media vehicle for social browsing
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 25-38
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62269
conferenceurl =
#cite conference
author = Patterson, J.F.
coauthors = Hill, R.D.; Rohall, S.L.; Meeks, S.W.
year = 1990
title = Rendezvous: an architecture for synchronous multi-user applications
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 317-328
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99364
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Greenberg, S.
coauthors = Marwood, D.
year = 1994
title = Real time groupware as a distributed system: concurrency control and its effect on the interface
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 207-217
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192844.193011
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Nardi, B.A.
coauthors = Whittaker, S.; Bradner, E.
year = 2000
title = Interaction and outeraction: instant messaging in action
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 79-88
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=358916.358975
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Hughes, J.A.
coauthors = Randall, D.; Shapiro, D.
year = 1992
title = Faltering from ethnography to design
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 115-122
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=143469
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Tang, J.C.
coauthors = Isaacs, E.A.; Rua, M.
year = 1994
title = Supporting distributed groups with a Montage of lightweight interactions
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 23-34
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192861&dl=GUIDE,
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
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year = 1990
title = Issues in the design of computer support for co-authoring and commenting
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 183-195
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99354
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Crowley, T.
coauthors = Milazzo, P.; Baker, E.; Forsdick, H.; Tomlinson, R.
year = 1990
title = MMConf: an infrastructure for building shared multimedia applications
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 329-342
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99365
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Roseman, M.
coauthors = Greenberg, S.
year = 1992
title = GROUPKIT: a groupware toolkit for building real-time conferencing applications
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 43-50
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=143457.143460
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Shen, H.H.
coauthors = Dewan, P.
year = 1992
title = Access control for collaborative environments
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 51-58
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=143461
conferenceurl =
# cite book
author = Gaver, W.W.
year = 1992
title = The affordances of media spaces for collaboration
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
isbn =
# cite book
author = Orlikowski, W.J.
year = 1992
title = Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
isbn =
# cite conference
author = Sun, C.
coauthors = Ellis, C.
year = 1998
title = Operational transformation in real-time group editors: issues, algorithms, and achievements
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 59-68
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=289469
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Bly, S.A.
year = 1988
title = A use of drawing surfaces in different collaborative settings
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 250-256
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62286
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Leland, M.D.P.
coauthors = Fish, R.S.; Kraut, R.E.
year = 1988
title = Collaborative document production using quilt
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 206-215
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62266.62282&type=series
conferenceurl =
# cite journal
author = Conklin, J.
coauthors = Begeman, M.L.
year = 1988
title = gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion
journal = ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
volume = 6
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url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=59297
accessdate = 2007-08-03
doi_brokendate = 2008-06-29
# cite conference
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year = 1992
title = Ethnographically-informed systems design for air traffic control
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 123-129
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=143470
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Mantei, M.
year = 1988
title = Capturing the capture concepts: a case study in the design of computer-supported meeting environments
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 257-270
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62266.62287&type=series
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Lantz, K.A.
year = 1986
title = An experiment in integrated multimedia conferencing
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 267-275
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=637069.637106
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Harrison, S.
coauthors = Dourish, P.
year = 1996
title = Re-place-ing space: the roles of place and space in collaborative systems
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 67-76
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240193
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Roseman, M.
coauthors = Greenberg, S.
year = 1996
title = TeamRooms: network places for collaboration
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 325-333
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240319
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Ishii, H.
year = 1990
title = TeamWorkStation: towards a seamless shared workspace
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 13-26
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99337
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Ressel, M.
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year = 1996
title = An integrating, transformation-oriented approach to concurrency control and undo in group editors
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 288-297
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240305
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Edwards, W.K.
year = 1996
title = Policies and roles in collaborative applications
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 11-20
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240080.240175
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Bellotti, V.
coauthors = Bly, S.
year = 1996
title = Walking away from the desktop computer: distributed collaboration and mobility in a product design team
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 209-218
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240080.240256&type=series
conferenceurl =
# cite journal
author = Ackerman, M.S.
year = 1998
title = Augmenting Organizational Memory: A Field Study of Answer Garden
journal = ACM Transactions on Information Systems
volume = 16
issue = 3
pages = 203–224
doi = 10.1145/290159
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=290159.290160
accessdate = 2007-08-03
doi_brokendate = 2008-06-29
# cite conference
author = Abbott, K.R.
coauthors = Sarin, S.K.
year = 1994
title = Experiences with workflow management: issues for the next generation
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 113-120
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192886
conferenceurl =
# cite book
author = Resnick, P.
coauthors = Iacovou, N.; Suchak, M.; Bergstrom, P.; Riedl, J.
year = 1994
title = GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of netnews
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
isbn =
# cite conference
author = Prakash, A.
coauthors = Shim, H.S.
year = 1994
title = DistView: support for building efficient collaborative applications using replicated objects
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 153-164
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192895
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Streitz, N.A.
coauthors = Gei{ss}ler, J.; Haake, J.M.; Hol, J.
year = 1994
title = DOLPHIN: integrated meeting support across local and remote desktop environments and LiveBoards
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 345-358
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192844.193044
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Foster, G.
coauthors = Stefik, M.
year = 1986
title = Cognoter: theory and practice of a colab-orative tool
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 7-15
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=637069.637072
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Shen, C.
coauthors = Lesh, N.B.; Vernier, F.; Forlines, C.; Frost, J.
year = 2002
title = Sharing and building digital group histories
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 324-333
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=587124
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Sohlenkamp, M.
coauthors = Chwelos, G.
year = 1994
title = Integrating communication, cooperation, and awareness: the DIVA virtual office environment
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 331-343
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192844.193041&type=series
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Olson, J.S.
coauthors = Teasley, S.
year = 1996
title = Groupware in the wild: lessons learned from a year of virtual collocation
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 419-427
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240080.240353
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Reder, S.
coauthors = Schwab, R.G.
year = 1990
title = The temporal structure of cooperative activity
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 303-316
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99363
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Fish, R.S.
coauthors = Kraut, R.E.; Chalfonte, B.L.
year = 1990
title = The VideoWindow system in informal communication
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 1-11
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99335
conferenceurl =
# cite book
author = Haake, J.M.
coauthors = Wilson, B.
year = 1992
title = Supporting collaborative writing of hyperdocuments in SEPIA
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
isbn =
# cite conference
author = Hudson, S.E.
coauthors = Smith, I.
year = 1996
title = Techniques for addressing fundamental privacy and disruption tradeoffs in awareness support systems
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 248-257
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240080.240295
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = MacKay, W.E.
year = 1990
title = Patterns of sharing customizable software
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 209-221
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99332.99356&type=series
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Trigg, R.H.
coauthors = Suchman, L.A.; Halasz, F.G.
year = 1986
title = Supporting collaboration in notecards
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
pages = 153-162
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=637069.637089
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Patterson, J.F.
coauthors = Day, M.; Kucan, J.
year = 1996
title = Notification servers for synchronous groupware
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 122-129
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=240080.240232
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Myers, B.A.
coauthors = Stiel, H.; Gargiulo, R.
year = 1998
title = Collaboration using multiple PDAs connected to a PC
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 285-294
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=289444.289503
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Ackerman, M.S.
coauthors = Halverson, C.
year = 1998
title = Considering an organization's memory
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 39-48
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=289461
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Teasley, S.
coauthors = Covi, L.; Krishnan, M.S.; Olson, J.S.
year = 2000
title = How does radical collocation help a team succeed?
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 339-346
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=359005
conferenceurl =
# cite conference
author = Kuzuoka, H.
coauthors = Kosuge, T.; Tanaka, M.
year = 1994
title = GestureCam: a video communication system for sympathetic remote collaboration
conference =
booktitle = Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
pages = 35-43
publisher = ACM Press New York, NY, USA
url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=192866
conferenceurl =

See also

* Collaborative Working Environment
* E-professional
* E-Work
* Computer-supported collaboration
* Operational transformation

External links

* [http://www.cscw2008.org CSCW Conference] , [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/conferences/series/cscw.html ACM CSCW Conference Series]
* [http://www.ecscw.org European CSCW Conference Foundation] , [http://www.interaction-design.org/references/conferences/series/ecscw.html European CSCW Conference Series]
* [http://www.acm.org/conferences/group GROUP Conference]

References