San Miniato

Infobox CityIT
img_coa = SanMiniato-Stemma.gif
official_name = Comune di San Miniato
name = San Miniato
mapx= 43.68
mapy=10.85
region = Tuscany
province = Pisa (PI)
elevation_m = 140
area_total_km2 = 102
population_as_of =
population_total = 26353
population_density_km2 = 258
timezone = CET, UTC+1
coordinates = coord|43|41|N|10|51|E
frazioni = see list
telephone = 0571
postalcode = 56027
gentilic =
saint =
day =
mayor = Angelo Frosini (since June 2004)
website = [http://www.comune.san-minato.pi.it www.comune.san-miniato.pi.it]

San Miniato is a town and commune in the province of Pisa, in the region of Tuscany, Italy. San Miniato sits at an historically strategic location atop three small hills where it dominates the lower Arno valley between the valleys of Egola and Elsa. It used to carry the additional sobriquet al Tedesco ("of the Germans") to distinguish it from the convent of San Miniato al Monte in Florence, which is just a few kilometers to the north east.

History

In medieval times, San Miniato was on the via Francigena, which was the main connecting route between northern Europe and Rome. It also sits at the intersection of the Florence-Pisa road and the Lucca-Siena road. Over the centuries San Miniato was therefore exposed to a constant flow of friendly and hostile armies, traders in all manner of goods and services, and other travelers from near and far.

Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the city and surrounding area has been settled since at least the paleolithic era. It would have been well-known to the Etruscans, and certainly to the Romans, for whom it was a military post called "Quarto".

The first mention in historical documents is of a small village organized around a chapel dedicated to San Miniato built by the Lombards in 783. By the end of the 10th century San Miniato boasted a sizeable population enclosed behind a moat and protected by a castle built by Otto I, from which an Imperial Vicar ruled all of Tuscany.

The first walls, with defensive towers, were thrown up in the 12th century during the time that Italy was dominated by Frederick Barbarossa. Under his grandson, Frederick II, the town was further fortified with expanded walls and other defensive works, including the Rocca and its tower. (The Rocca has long since disappeared, but the tower, which was blown up by the Nazis during the second world war has been totally rebuilt and restored.)

During the latter years of the 13th century and the entire 14th century, San Miniato was drawn into the ongoing conflict between the Ghibelline and Guelph forces. Initially Ghibelline, it had become a Guelph city by 1291, allied with Florence and, in 1307, fought with other members of the Guelph league against the Ghibelline Arezzo.

By 1347 San Miniato was under Florentine control, where it remained, but for a brief period from 1367-1370 when, instigated by Pisa, it rebelled against Florence, and for another brief period between 1777 and 1779 during the Napoleonic conquest. It was still part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany when the Duchy was absorbed into the newly-formed Kingdom of Italy in 1860.

Main sights

The city is enclosed within a well-preserved medieval precinct. Main landmarks include:
*The Tower of Frederick, built by Frederick II in the 13th century on the summit of the hill at an altitude of 192 meters, overlooking the entire Valdarno. Here was imprisoned Frederick's chanchellor Pier delle Vigne until his death. During World War II it was destroyed by the German Army to prevent the Allies from using it as a gun sighting tower, but was reconstructed in 1958.
*The "Duomo" (Cathedral), dedicated to both Sant'Assunta and Santo Genesio. It was originally a Romanesque building, but it has been remodelled several times and exhibits Gothic and some Renaissance arcchitectural elements. The façade incorporates a number of colorful majolica bowls. The interior has Latin cross plan with a central nave with two side aisles. The cathedral's campanile, a fortification annexed in is called the Matilde Tower and features an asymmetrical clock.
*The Diocesan Museum, next to the cathedral. This museum-gallery contains works by Filippo Lippi, Empoli, Neri di Bicci, Fra Bartolomeo, Frederico Cardi (known as Cigoli) and Verrocchio.
*"Palazzo dei Vicari", built by Emperor Otto IV during the 12th century, the palazzo incorporates one of the oldest known crenellated turrets. The interior has a number of interesting frescoes. It is now an hotel.
*"Palazzo Comunale". This 14th century building is still San Miniato's Town Hall. Its great hall was decorated by Cenno di Francesco Cenni. It also features a small oratory, containing a 16th century altarpiece.
*The church of "San Francesco". Originally built in the early 13th century with a Romanesque façade, its interior features Gothic style chapels and frescoes from the 14th and 15th centuries.
*The church of "San Domenico" was originally constructed in the 14th century, but has an incomplete façade. Its interior contains terracotta works by Luca della Robbia, a fresco attributed to Masolino da Panicale and a burial monument sculpted by Donatello. Next to the façade begins the "Via Angelica", a tunnel that connected the countryside to the city.
*Convent of "San Francesco". Purportedly founded by Saint Francis of Assisi himself in 1211 when he visited the city, the Convent stands behind the city higher up on the hill.

Other buildings and monuments worth seeing include the Bishop's Sanctuary, with a Baroque façade in the design of an amphitheater, designed by Cigoli and the Sanctuary of the Crucifix, recently restored, the desanctified Chiesa di San Martino, which has done duty as a convent, and then a prison, but which will now be used for conventions.

There are also a number of Renaissance palazzi, built by such aristocratic families as the Roffia, Grifoni, Formichini and the Bonapartes, ancestors of Napoleon.

White truffles

During the last three weeks of November, San Miniato hosts a festival devoted to the gastronomically precious white truffle which is harvested in the area around the city. The white truffle is more highly valued than the black truffles found in Umbria and the Marche, and commands very high prices, reflected in the cost of restaurant dishes that incorporate truffles. In 1954 a record-breaking truffle found close to the nearby village of Balconevisi weighed in at 2,520 kilograms and was sent to the United States of America as a gift for President Dwight D Eisenhower.

Twin towns

*flagicon|Palestine Betlehem, Palestine
*flagicon|Burkina Faso Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
*flagicon|BEL Silly, Belgium
*flagicon|FRA Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France

"Frazioni"

Balconevisi, Bucciano, Casastrada, Catena, Cigoli, Collebrunacchi, Corazzano, Cusignano, Isola, Molino d'Egola, Ponte a Egola, Ponte a Elsa, Roffia, San Donato, San Maiano, San Miniato, San Miniato Basso, San Quintino, San Romano, Scala, La Serra, Stibbio.

"Località"

Borghigiana, Canneto, Canuto, Genovini, Palagio, Volpaio.

Transportation

San Miniato has a railway station on the Pisa-Florence line.By road it is approximately 41 km west of Florence and 55 km east of Livorno on the SP40 provincial road.

External links

* [http://www.comune.san-miniato.pi.it/ Official site]