Çeng

:"Not to be confused with CEng (the post-nominal for Chartered Engineer)."Infobox Instrument
name= Çeng
names=


classification=
*string instrument
range=
related=
* Çeng
* Konghou
* Harp
* Chang (instrument)The "çeng" is a Turkish harp. Descended from ancient Near Eastern instruments, it was a popular Ottoman instrument until the last quarter of the 17th century.The word comes from the Persian word "chang," which means "harp" (and also "five fingers").Fact|date=January 2008

The ancestor of the Ottoman harp is thought to be an instrument seen in ancient Assyrian tablets. While a similar instrument also appears in Egyptian drawings.

In the late 20th century, instrument makers and performers began to revive the "çeng", with newer designs incorporating advanced tuning mechanisms such as those found on the "kanun". Tone bending is also possible, by pressing on the string behind the bridge. Whereas the soundbox on the old "çeng" was on the upper part of the instrument, modern instruments have the soundbox on the lower part. In 1995, Fikret Karakaya, a "kemençe" player from Turkey, made a "çeng" using the descriptions in the masnavi "Çengname" by the Turkish poet Ahmed-i Dai, and from Iranian and Ottoman miniatures from the 15th and 16th centuries. He presently plays and records with the instrument.

The second "çeng" in Turkey was recently made by Mehmet Soylemez, an instrument maker and master's degree graduate student at Istanbul Technical University, for Şirin Pancaroğlu, the primary harpist of Turkey. She has started to explore this ancient instrument and will soon record with it.

In the United States, New England Conservatory of Music ethnomusicology professor Robert Labaree plays and records with the instrument.

Changi

(Georgian:ჩანგი) (čangi) A Georgian traditional instrument called the "changi" is preserved only in one region of Georgia: the Svaneti (western Svanetian Changi mountainous part). The "changi" consists of two main parts: body and supplementary elements, which are represented by keys and tuners. The body consists of horizontal and vertical parts. The horizontal part the resonator is made out of a long hollowed tree and has the shape of a semi-cylinder. Plate of about 4mm with a small curvature in the middle is nailed onto it. The plate has 6 notches for buttons to fasten the strings, they are fastened at the same distance from the sides of the resonator. The vertical part is straight and flat. It has holes for the tuners . The tip of the vertical part is inserted into the horizontal part forming a right angle. On both parts small wooden sticks are nailed parallel to the strings. The "changi" is mainly made of softwood; the most popular material is fir, but sometimes pine is used. The "changi" has 6 or 7 strings. The tuning of a six-string Changi is “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”, “do”, “re”. The seven-string "changi" has the same tuning but its scale begins with “mi”. Special proportions are kept by "changi" "Deer" the instrument makers when designing "changi". It is mostly played by women and is generally used for accompaniment. Solo songs are often accompanied with it. But melodies performed on this instrument represent the transcription of Svanetian national “Saperkhulo” (a dance) melodies not the original instrumental music. Only one "changi" is used while accompanying solo melodies. Nevertheless, combining "chuniri" and "changi" into ensembles was quite frequent. The "changi" is quite popular in Svaneti. It was considered to be the instrument of “sorrow”. According to the sayings, it was often played to comfort a person in his grief. There is a legend connected with Changi that tells us the story of an old man whose son was killed in a war and who found an expression of his grief in a sad melody of his "changi". The "changi", in the Svanetian language, is also called in Svanetian "changi" “Shimekvshe,” which means a broken arm. The Svanetian "changi" is recognized to be one of the most ancient string instruments. It has existed since the 4th century B.C. It is worthy of note that one of the most ancient nations, the Sumerians, who lived in western Asia and are thought to have been closely connected with the ancestors of the Georgians, with ties of kinship,Fact|date=March 2008 had a similar instrument that looked like the Svanetian harp. There is a supposition about the origin of the "changi", according which it must have been originated from a bow. This weapon is not a particular nation’s invention. Thus, the "changi" could have been invented independently in different nations. The instruments similar to Changi were widespread in many ancient Eastern counties: in Egypt, Shumereti, Babylon, Iran, China, Greece, etc.

*Tuning of the six-stringed changi: f – g – a – h – c1 – d1.
*Tuning of the seven-stringed changi: e - f – g – a – h – c1 – d1.

Ayumaa

Triangular harp similar to the Georgian changi, with 14 horsehair strings. Formerly it was wide spread as an instrument on which singers played their own accompaniments.

Duadastanon

Triangular harp with a hollowed body and arc-shaped neck usually terminating in a curved horse's head (or an auroch's head). The instrument has 12 diatonically tuned horsehair strings of which eight (treble) are white and four (bass) black.The duadastanon was regarded as the instrument of heroes and only men were allowed to play it, accompanying the recitation of the Nart epic tales, as weIl as lyrical, love and children's songs.

Tor-sapl-yukh

Plucked instrument with many strings, a kind of triangular harp. The body is hollowed out of a piece of wood, one end of it is bent upwards forming a neck, sometimes adorned with a carved bird's head. It has from five to nine (usually eight) strings producing a diatonic scale.

External links

* [http://ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/%C3%87eng Information on Çeng in Turkish]
* [http://www.turkmusikisi.com/calgilar/ List of Classical Turkish instruments]
* [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eng-n%C3%A2me Information on Çeng-name on the Turkish Wikipedia]
* [http://www.hangebi.ge/changien.htm]
*http://simplearp.free.fr/pages/envois/10ussr.html

ee also

*Konghou
*Music of Egypt