Hallvard Graatop

Hallvard Torbjornson was born on the Vraalstad farm in Telemark, Norway around 1400. Dubious|date=March 2008 He was a farmer by trade, but politics intervened. The Black Death, which wrought havoc throughout Europe during the 14th century, had decimated the ruling families of Scandinavia. King Olav of Denmark and Norway was the last native ruler in Scandinavia. When he died in 1387, his wife Margareta took over the rule of those two countries and then Sweden as well. In 1397 in the town of Kalmar in Sweden the Union of the three lands under a single crown was made official and Erik of Pomerania was chosen as king. Erik fatefully chose to govern the three kingdoms from Denmark using the Danish aristocracy.

The Danish aristocracy naturally saw to their best interests and slowly alienated the residents of Sweden and Norway whom they tried to rule. In Sweden Engelbrekt Engelbrektson led a successful rebellion in 1434. In 1436 Amund Sigurdsson tried to do the same in Norway, but failed. Enter Hallvard Torbjornson of Vraalstad. He raised an army of peasants to challenge the harsh Danish rule in Oslo. Hallvard and his army of Norwegians fought the Danes in 1438, but failed to secure their freedom. This third rebellion in under a decade, however, led the Danish aristocracy to turn on King Erik, whose harsh policies had fomented the disdain in which Danes were now held by their northern neighbors. They saw to the ouster of King Erik in 1439. Hallvard was made a Herr (the equivalent of a Lord) and returned to farming, his gray hair earning him the moniker "Graatopp". Dubious|date=March 2008 In 1442 the Swedes were officially regranted sovereignty, however, the Danish aristocracy was unwilling to give up Norway. The next decade saw them reconquer the country and annex outright the Norwegian colonies of Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes. Danish aristocrats ruled the land and the Danish language was spoken in the cities. Hallvard is not recorded to have resisted this subjugation. Perhaps he thought it futile because of the failure of his earlier attempt. He had at least one son and lived to a ripe old age, dying in Tordal in 1475. Dubious|date=March 2008 Norway didn't win independence from Denmark until 1814.

Controversy

The identity of Hallvard Graatop has been disputed by more modern scholars. Some claim the connection to a Hallvard Torbjornsson or Toresson living at the Vraalstad farm in Drangedal in the 15th century is entirely based upon hearsay and speculation. [Claus Krag: "Gjensyn med Hallvard Gråtopp (Hallvard Gråtopp revisited)", Telemark Historielags årsskrift (Yearbook of Telemark History Society) 1988] The name "Graatop" meaning "grey top" is probably a "nom de guerre", and may have referred to a grey mask or hood covering his head. As a rebel leader, he would certainly have been executed by his adversaries if caught, thus it's quite reasonable that he deliberately covered his tracks. It seems that he was successful in this respect, as there's no record of his execution.

Notes and References

* Voxland, Melvin "Voxland Viking Saga", 1980.
* Naeseth, Gerhard "Wrolstad Family History", 1978.