Goat-antelope

Taxobox
name = Goat-antelopes


image_width = 250px
image_caption = Barbary Sheep, "Ammotragus lervia"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Artiodactyla
familia = Bovidae
subfamilia = Caprinae Gray, 1821 Pantholopinae
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = Subfamily Caprinae "Nemorhaedus"
"Rupicapra"
"Oreamnos"
"Budorcas"
"Ovibos"
"Hemitragus"
"Ammotragus"
"Pseudois"
"Capra"
"Ovis"
†"Bootherium"
†"Euceratherium"
†"Soergelia
Subfamily Pantholopinae "Pantholops"The term goat-antelope usually means any of the species of mostly medium-sized bovids that make up the subfamily Caprinae (as treated here). The domestic sheep and domestic goat are both part of the goat-antelope group, and the group itself is part of the family Bovidae, which in other branches contains the antelopes and domestic cattle. "Goat antelope" also sometimes refers to the Tibetan antelope.Clarifyme|date=May 2008

Characteristics

Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have a fairly stocky build, they diverge in many other ways. For example the Musk Ox ("Ovibos moschatus"), is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the Rocky Mountain goat ("Oreamnos americanus"), of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the Urial ("Ovis orientalis") occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The European mouflon ("Ovis musimon") is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep ("Ovis aries").

Many species became extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:
*five are classified as endangered,
*eight as vulnerable,
*seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and
*seven species are secure.

Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over convert|1|m|ft|sigfig=1 long for a full-grown grey goral ("Nemorhaedus goral"), to almost convert|2.5|m|sigfig=1 long for a musk ox, and from under convert|30|kg to more than convert|350|kg. Musk oxen in captivity have reached over convert|650|kg.

In lifestyle, the caprids fall into two broad classes, "resource-defenders" which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species, and "grazers", which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.

The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tassellated ears, a long mane, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. There is no sharp dividing line between the groups, but a continuum between the serows at one end of the spectrum and sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.

Evolution

The goat-antelope or "caprid" group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body formcite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Geist, Valerius|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 584-587|isbn= 0-87196-871-1] . The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the Subarctic region.

The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.

Classification

FAMILY BOVIDAE
* Subfamily Caprinae
** Tribe Ovibovini
*** Genus "Budorcas"
**** Takin, "Budorcas taxicolor"
*** Genus "Ovibos"
**** Musk ox, "Ovibos moschatus"
** Tribe Caprini
*** Genus "Ammotragus"
**** Barbary sheep, "Ammotragus lervia"
*** Genus "Capra"
**** Wild goat, "Capra aegagrus"
***** Domestic goat, "Capra aegagrus hircus"
**** West Caucasian tur, "Capra caucasia"
**** East Caucasian tur, "Capra cylindricornis"
**** Markhor, "Capra falconeri"
**** Alpine ibex, "Capra ibex"
**** Nubian ibex, "Capra nubiana"
**** Spanish ibex, "Capra pyrenaica"
*** Siberian ibex, "Capra sibirica"
**** Walia ibex, "Capra walie"
*** Genus "Hemitragus"
**** Nilgiri tahr, "Hemitragus hylocrius"
**** Arabian tahr, "Hemitragus jayakari"
**** Himalayan tahr, "Hemitragus jemlahicus"
*** Genus "Ovis"
**** Argali, "Ovis ammon"
**** Domestic sheep, "Ovis aries"
**** American bighorn sheep, "Ovis canadensis"
**** Dall or thinhorn sheep, "Ovis dalli"
**** European mouflon, "Ovis musimon"
**** Snow sheep, "Ovis nivicola"
**** Urial, "Ovis orientalis"
*** Genus "Pseudois"
**** Bharal (Himalayan blue sheep), "Pseudois nayaur"
**** Dwarf blue sheep, "Pseudois schaeferi"
** Tribe Naemorhedini
*** Genus "Capricornis"
**** Japanese serow, "Capricornis crispus"
**** Mainland serow, "Capricornis sumatraensis"
**** Taiwan serow, "Capricornis swinhoei"
*** Genus "Nemorhaedus"
**** Red goral, "Nemorhaedus baileyi"
**** Chinese goral, "Nemorhaedus caudatus"
**** Grey goral, "Nemorhaedus goral"
*** Genus "Oreamnos"
**** Mountain goat, "Oreamnos americanus"
*** Genus "Rupicapra"
**** Pyrenean chamois, "Rupicapra pyrenaica"
**** Chamois, "Rupicapra rupicapra"
* Subfamily Pantholopinae
*** Genus "Pantholops"
**** Chiru (Tibetan antelope), "Pantholops hodgsoni"

References