Upper Oka Principalities

The Upper Principalities ( _ru. Верховские княжества) is a term traditionally applied in Russian historiography to about dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nowadays, the areas so designated lie within the bounds of the Tula Oblast and Kaluga Oblast of Russia.

Following the Mongol invasion of Russia, the formerly mighty Principality of Chernigov gradually degenerated to a point when there were dozens of quasi-sovereign entities ruled by the descendants of Mikhail of Chernigov. As the principalities were wedged in between the ever expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the west and the nascent Grand Duchy of Muscovy to the north, their rulers were constricted to continually fluctuate between these two major powers.

By the end of the 14th century, they were obliged to pay annual tribute to Lithuania. The strengthening alliance of Lithuanian rulers with Roman Catholic Poland caused shifts in the balance of power in the region. Most Orthodox rulers of the Upper Principalities, therefore, started to look to Moscow for protection against Lithuanian expansionism. Towards the end of the 15th century, most of these princelings had moved to the Muscovite court. In 1494, Lithuania finally renounced her claims to the region.

The list of principalities (in order of seniority)

* Belyov - the seat of Princes Belyovsky until their early extinction
* Novosil and Odoyev - the seats of Princes Odoevsky, retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina
* Vorotynsk - the seat of Princes Vorotynsky, retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina
* Masalsk - the seat of Princes Massalski
* Zvenigorod-on-the-Oka - the seat of Princes Zvenigorodsky and Nozdrevaty
* Karachev - the seat of Princes Khotetovsky
* Kozelsk and Peremyshl, Russia - the seats of Princes Gorchakov
* Tarusa and Meshchovsk - the seats of Princes Mezetsky
* Boryatino - the seat of Princes Boryatinsky
* Obolensk - the seat of Princes Obolensky with their cadet branches of Repnin, Lykov, Dolgorukov, Shcherbatov, etc.

References

*Lubawski M.K. Regional Division and Local Administration in the Lithuanian-Russian State. Moscow, 1892.
*Bazilewicz K.V. Foreign Affairs of the Russian Centralized State. Moscow, 1952.