Japanese raiders in Indian Ocean Campaign

Japanese raiders in Indian Ocean Campaign

In late 1942, enemy activities in the Indian Ocean had virtually come to an end. The German raiders, once disrupting the shipping lines in these waters had all (with the exception of a few) been destroyed by the Royal Navy or had begun the long way home to the homeland in Europe.

By virtue of their powerful battle fleets, the Japanese Navy had strategically planned to fight a war of fleet actions (Guerre D' Escadre), and as a consequence delegated few resources to raiding merchant vessels (Guerre De Course). Nonetheless, other than their successful sortie to Ceylon in April 1942, the Japanese Navy had decided to keep the pressure on the shipping lanes, primarily due to the allies' ever-growing logistical strength in the war. Large and valuable tankers maintained a continuous stream of oil and other products from the Middle East to Australia and surrounding islands. The continuous pleas by the Germans possibly had a large influence on this decision, as the Indian Ocean was the primary area of operations in which the two axis powers had the most physical coordination with each other, in regards to re-supply and the exchanging of military (naval) intelligence.

Japanese Merchant Raiders

In 1940, two passenger-cargo vessels of the Osaka Shipping Line were requisitioned for conversion to auxiliary Armed Merchant Cruisers, in anticipation of the likely thrust southward by the Japanese. The "Aikoku Maru" and "Hokoku Maru", under construction for the route between Japan and South America, started their rebuilds in 1941, and by the time they were commissioned, they were significantly armed. Their specifications were as listed below:

Tonnage:
*10437 tons gross

Dockyard

*Tama Shipbuilding Corporation (Tama Zosensho KK, Okajima)

Civil Owners (before at government acquisition)

*Osaka Shipping Line (Osaka Shosen KK, Osaka)

Dimensions

*150 x 20 x 7.8 metres

Original Armament

*4 x 15 cm/40 caliber Vickers gunsLayton, Edwin T., RADM USN "24 Sentai - Japan's Commerce Raiders" "United States Naval Institute Proceedings" June 1976 pp.53-61]
*2 x 8 cm/40 caliber
*4 x 25 mm
*2 x 533 mm TT
*2 Kawanishi E7K2 "Alf"Munson, Kenneth "Aircraft of World War II" Doubleday and Company p.250] Type 94 reconnaissance seaplanes, with Mitsubishi "Zuisei 11" 870 hp engine, armed with 3×Type 92 machine guns and 120 kg of bombsCollier, Basil "Japanese Aircraft of World War II" Mayflower Books (1979) ISBN 0-8317-5137-1 pp.62-63]

Following March 1942 Re-Armament at Kure

*8 x 140 mm/50 caliber
*2 x 80 mm
*4 x 25 mm
*4 x 533 mm TT (2x2)
*2 Mitsubishi F1M2 "Pete" Type 0 observation seaplanes, with Mitsubishi "Zuisei 13" 875 hp engine, armed with 2× fixed forward firing Type 97 machine guns, 1x flexibly mounted rearward-firing Type 92 machine guns and 120 kg of bombsCollier, Basil "Japanese Aircraft of World War II" Mayflower Books (1979) ISBN 0-8317-5137-1 p.101]

Propulsion

*two 12-cylinder Mitsubishi - Burmeister & Wain diesels Shafts 2

Performance

*13,000 hp (9.7 MW)
*Maximum speed 21 knots (39 km/h)

Initial Deployment

With their heavy armament, they could overpower any smaller combatant or merchant vessel, and their speed enabled them (in combination with their floatplanes) to search large areas of ocean. In service, they were organized as the 24th Special Cruiser Squadron under Rear-Admiral Moriharu Takeda. "Hokaku Maru" was modified to serve as Admiral Takeda's flagship with spaces for his staff of four officers and eighteen enlisted men.

The 24th Special Cruiser Squadron departed Hiroshima Bay 15 November 1941 in radio silence and blacked out at night to arrive in a standby position at Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The squadron departed Jaluit 26 November 1941 to patrol the sea lanes between Australia/Samoa/Fiji and Panama Canal/United States. The routine operation plan was for one ship to lie to and drift while performing maintenance as the other ship performed a perimeter patrol searching for enemy shipping. The two ships would spend the hours of darkness within visual range; and the ships reversed roles the following day. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor the search objective changed from avoiding detection to locating enemy commerce.

Following sunset on 12 December 1941, "Hokaku Maru" stopped the 6210-ton United States freighter "Vincent" bound from Sydney, Australia to the Panama Canal at 23 south, 118 west. The old freighter was sunk after taking her crew of 38 aboard the two raiders. The Japanese ships then left the area to avoid any response to "Vincent"s radio SOS.

Routine searching resumed 23 December 1941. On 31 December, an "Aikoku Maru" seaplane found and circled the 3275-ton United States freighter "Malama" bound from Honolulu to New Zealand with a cargo of Army Air Force trucks and aircraft engines. The seaplane was observed by "Malama" but was apparently lost to operational problems before returning to "Aikoku Maru". The squadron commenced a search for the missing seaplane at 1810 and searched through the moonlit night. Aircraft were launched at 0700 1 January 1942 to expand the search. One of the seaplanes found "Malama" at 0910, circled at low altitude, and ordered the ship to stop with a burst of machine gun fire. "Malama" began to broadcast distress messages which continued until 1415. Admiral Takeda was 130 miles away, but intercepted the distress calls and ordered his plane to return to be rearmed with bombs. "Malama" was scuttled by her crew at 25 south, 155 west when the aircraft returned. The squadron left the area after taking freighter's crew of 38 aboard as prisoners.

Routine searching resumed 8 January 1942. On 16 January and 20 January the squadron intercepted extremely loud radio signals causing them to believe enemy warships were nearby. The squadron successfully evaded detection by Admiral Halsey's Task Force 8 including USS Enterprise (CV-6), USS Salt Lake City (CA-25), USS Northampton (CA-26), USS Chester (CA-27) and USS San Francisco (CA-38) and Admiral Fletcher's Task Force 17 including USS Yorktown (CV-5), USS Louisville (CA-28) and USS St. Louis (CL-49). The squadron replenished at Truk on 4 February 1942 and transferred the prisoners to the Oita Bay Naval Air Command on 13 February.

The squadron then entered the Kure Navy Yard where each ship received eight modern 14-cm (5.5-inch) guns to replace the four 15-cm (5.9-inch) guns of Russo-Japanese War vintage installed the previous autumn. More modern seaplanes were embarked when the squadron deployed to the Indian Ocean with the additional duty of resupply ships for the Japanese submarines operating in Mozambique Channel. Between 5 June and 13 July 1942, the submarines sank 21 ships of 92498 tons, and the "Hokoku Maru" and "Aikoku Maru" added additional ships to that score. With these successes, they had sunk or captured 5 merchant ships within a year, totalling 31,303 tons. They left Singapore on November 5 on their fourth sortie, under overall command of Captain Imazato Hiroshi.

Victims of Japanese raiders

Lists the number of victories as 8, if no record over other four victims. Their results were as follows:

*Genota (Dutch, 7987 tons), captured on May 9, 1942
*Elysia (British, 6757 tons), sunk June 5, 1942
*Hauraka (New Zealand, 7112 tons), captured July 12, 1942

Presumed last victim, the "Ondina"

The "Ondina" was a modern tanker built for one of the shipping companies of Shell, La Corona. She was new, relatively fast and for contemporary standards not too lightly armed with a 4"/50 caliber gun on her stern and several machine guns for anti-aircraft use. Under Captain W. Horsman, she was now deployed on a line between Fremantle in Australia and Abadan on the oil-rich shores of the Persian Gulf. On her journey to Abadan, she would only enjoy the protection of a small corvette. HMIS Bengal (J243) (Lt. Cdr. W.J. Wilson, RNR) was one of the RAN-type Ballarat corvettes/minesweepers with the exception that she and three sister ships were allocated to the Indian Navy. She only had one 3-inch gun (substituting a 4-inch gun which was not available), which made her firepower barely enough to protect the "Ondina" from submarines, let alone from enemy surface raiders. The two ships departed Fremantle on November 5, 1942, expecting a long but uneventful trip.

Displacement

*6341 gross weight 735 / 950 tons

Dockyards

*Nederlandese Droogdok Mij, Amsterdam Cockatoo
*Island Dockyard, Sydney

Dimensions

130.49 x 16.62 x 6.40 m
56 x 9.44 x 2.59 m

Completed

*August 1, 1939
*May 5, 1942

Armament

*1 x 102 mm USN QF (4"/50 caliber gun)
*some machine guns, 1 x 75 mm (12-pounder) she (Ondina) had an ammunition supply of only 40 shells

Propulsion

one Werkspoor 6-cyl 4-stroke diesel two boilerstriple expansion engine

Performance

*2800 hp (1800 hp)
*Max. speed 12 knots (15.5 knots)

Last Japanese raiding action

On November 11 at 11:45 in the morning, the naval authorities in Fremantle received an SOS-signal sent out by the "Bengal", reporting that she and the "Ondina" were under attack by two enemy raiders, identified as being Japanese, in position 19.38° N 93.5° E. The battle started when a lookout aboard "Ondina" sighted an unknown vessel at about 12,000 metres away, bearing 270 degrees, followed by a ship of similar size.

As no allied ships were reported in the vicinity, they could only assume they were hostile and for some time these ships were even identified as Japanese carriers. On the "Bengal", the lookouts saw the two AMC's a few minutes later. The ships both made a quick 90 degrees turn to starboard away from the enemy to a north-north-west direction. "Bengal" then turned and headed straight for the enemy, thus hoping to buy enough time for the "Ondina" to escape. She opened fire at 1200 hours from 3200 metres away, soon followed by the "Ondina" at 1205 8000 metres away. The sensible thing to do for the "Ondina" was to follow the order to escape, but the captain decided to stay, as his ship, armed with a 4-inch gun, was still the more powerful of the two. In addition, the "Ondina" could only do 12 knots versus 21 of the Japanese ships.

The "Aikoku Maru" (Captain Tamotsu Oishi) and "Hokoku Maru" (Captain Hiroshi Imazato) commenced firing at 1200 hours, and soon straddled the "Ondina" with their cruiser-armament. The first hit on "Ondina" ripped off a part of the main mast, leaving only a stump standing. The "Ondina" herself had her answer ready: the third shell fired was a hit in the superstructure of "Hokoku Maru", but apparently did little to effect her speed or armament.

Content with the hit, the gun captain then ordered the gunners to concentrate their fire on the stern. Only a few moments later, a hit on the starboard torpedo mount turned the "Hokoku Maru" into a ball of red and yellow flames, and as the ship emerged from the smoke, she was listing heavily to starboard, and simultaneously started to settle by the stern. The explosion ripped off the stern and threw her two floatplanes overboard, while massive fires raged in the superstructure.

"Hokoku Maru" was not built as a warship, and therefore did not have a sufficient number of watertight bulkheads. Shells fell from their lockers as a result of the increasing list and threw sailors overboard. Men, covered with burns and blood tried to fight the flames. Reports came in indicating large fires in the engine-room and the loss of all electricity. There was little hope of salvaging the "Hokoku Maru", and Captain Imazato could do little else than to order "abandon ship".

The "Aikoku Maru" picked up a total of 278 survivors of a crew of 354. Captain Imazato was one of the 76 killed during the action. I haven't found any mention of damage or casualties aboard the "Aikoku Maru".

The "Aikoku Maru" soon avenged her sistership, scoring several hits on "Ondina". Fortunately, shells and torpedoes have little effect on empty tankers, as the large number of watertight tanks keeps them afloat under the most difficult circumstances. "Aikoku Maru" also fired at the "Bengal", which had shortened the distance to about 2200 metres. One shell from the Japanese hit her in the forecastle, luckily doing little damage. Her gunners had been firing continuously at the Japanese, claiming several hits. Unfortunately, their ammunition supply was soon depleted. At 1245, her last shell had been fired and her captain decided there was little he could do for the "Ondina". He steamed away at full speed, chased by gunsplashes. After laying a smokescreen, she took a hit in the stern which did little to hamper her escape. The last the men aboard "Bengal" saw of the "Ondina" was her trying to evade the shells, continuously straddled by the "Aikoku Maru". A shell was seen hitting her abaft the bridge. Some time later, a second explosion was seen aboard "Hokoku Maru", still burning and sinking. After leaving the scene, "Bengal" set course for Diego Garcia, where the captain reported the "Ondina" and one enemy AMC sunk.

"Bengal"s captain was right about one thing, the "Hokoku Maru" had indeed sunk, but after "Bengal" had disappeared behind the horizon, "Ondina" was still steaming around at full speed. Not built as a warship, she had only a small ammunition supply. "Aikoku Maru" closed the range to 3500 metres, and placed several hits in the following minutes, one of which was observed by the "Bengal". "Ondina" herself had only twelve shells left, four of which she fired at the "Hokoku Maru", the rest at "Aikoku Maru", apparently without placing a hit. A last attempt to escape by dumping smokebuoys overboard was unsuccessful, and the captain ordered the crew to abandon ship to avoid further bloodshed. The engines were stopped, the lifeboats lowered and a white flag was hoisted, all under continuous fire from the "Aikoku Maru". A few moments later, Captain Horsman was killed by a piece of shrapnel from a shell hitting the bridge. Two lifeboats and two rafts were lowered into the water and later, another lifeboat was in the water with the remainder of the crew. Most of the crew (with the exception of officers and guncrew) consisted of Chinese, and they had been troublesome during the whole action, refusing any assistance that might help save the ship.

"Aikoku Maru" approached "Ondina" to about 400 metres, and fired two torpedoes to finish the ship off. Both slammed big holes in the starboard side, but did little to sink the ship itself. These tanks had been empty and the ship remained afloat on the other, undamaged fuel tanks, despite the 30 or 35 degrees list. Then "Aikoku Maru" changed course and the Japanese gunners opened fire on the drifting lifeboats. One sailor was killed, with three others heavily wounded. One of them was a young British sailor named Henry, originally assigned to the "Bengal". Satisfied with the results, "Aikoku Maru" then steamed away to pick up survivors from "Hokoku Maru" Later, the "Aikoku Maru" came back one more time, firing a torpedo which missed the tanker. She paid little attention to the survivors and steamed further, convinced the "Ondina" was doomed

Meanwhile, the men in the lifeboats had given the deceased a seaman's burial, and then exchanged thoughts about what to do next. The first officer Rehwinkel wanted to return to the tanker, but only one man of the guncrew was willing to go with him. Most of the others were convinced the "Ondina" was about to go down. Not without trouble, Rehwinkel managed to assemble a small number of men and returned to the ship, where counterflooding reduced the list. Inspection revealed that her engines were also still intact. The small fires were extinghuished and the last crew members in the lifeboats were taken aboard, after the latter were convinced there was no danger of sinking. Now the long leg back to Fremantle began. The lifeboats were patched up as well as possible, in case the "Aikoku Maru" came back.

The British sailor Henry was in very bad shape. He had a crushed leg and after two days the first officer was forced to send out an uncoded signal for help. Uncoded, because the codebooks had all been thrown overboard when "abandon ship" was ordered. This unexpected signal caused a shock in Colombo, as the "Ondina" was reported sunk and, logically, the British thought the Japanese were playing a trick on them. A signal went out from Fremantle to report her position.

Expecting a trap by the Japanese, the "Ondina" didn't reply. Without medical attention the "Ondina" steamed towards Fremantle. Fortunately, on the 17th an Australian PBY Catalina flying boat was sighted, about 200 miles (370 km) northwest of Fremantle. The lookouts had reported a ship some time earlier and the Catalina was asked if that ship could provide the much needed help. The unknown ship proved to be a hospital ship where doctors immediately began a series of blood transfusions which succeeded in saving Henry's life.

On 18 November, the "Ondina" entered Fremantle after a journey only a few ships had experienced, let alone lived to tell about it. The corvette "Bengal" had entered Diego Garcia the day before. "Ondina" remained in Australia as depot ship until 1943, when she was finally repaired. Both "Bengal" and "Ondina" survived the war.

Aftermath

Very few questions remain concerning this clash but the most important is who fired the fatal shot? Answering this question is difficult, as both the "Ondina" and "Bengal" claimed to have scored the fatal hit and this mystery may never be solved. The Japanese themselves thought it was the "Ondina". According to them, her shell hit the starboard torpedo launcher, causing the torpedo to explode. At the time, the "Bengal" was given the benefit of the doubt, for propaganda in India, where the British had a lot of trouble keeping the people under control.

In retrospect, this battle not only was a tactical success for the Allies, but also it also had strategical implications. The loss of the "Hokoku Maru" led to the abandoning of raider warfare by the IJN, and never (with one exception) tried to break the lifeline again.

"Ondina" was given a rare Dutch distinction, the "Koninklijke Vermelding by Dagorder", issued on July 9, 1948. Captain W. Horsman became "Ridder in de Militaire Willemsorde der 4de Klasse" posthumously and was Mentioned in Dispatches, while gunner Hammond received the "Distinguished Service Medal and the Bronzen Kruis". The captain of the "Bengal", Lieutenant-Commander Wilson, received the "Distinguished Service Order", while others of his crew were also awarded.

"Aikoku Maru" became a high-speed transport and was sunk in February 1944 during Operation Hailstone, the bombardment by American aircraft of the Japanese base at Truk (South Pacific Mandate). The wreck is still very popular by divers in present days.

ee also

*List of Japanese Auxiliary Cruiser Commerce Raiders

References

This information was taken from the site [http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl www.netherlandsnavy.nl]