Actitis

Taxobox
name = "Actitis"


image_width = 240px
image_caption = Common Sandpiper, "Actitis hypoleucos"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
subclassis = Neornithes
infraclassis = Neognathae
superordo = Neoaves
ordo = Charadriiformes
familia = Scolopacidae
subordo = Scolopaci
genus = "Actitis"
genus_authority = Illiger, 1811
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "Actitis hypoleucos"
"Actitis macularia"

"Actitis" is a small genus of waders, comprising just two very similar bird species:
* Common Sandpiper, "Actitis hypoleucos", of Eurasia
* Spotted Sandpiper, "Actitis macularia" of North America

These are both small migratory waders, greyish brown on top and white underneath, with a distinctive stiff-winged flight low over the water. The plumages are very similar, apart from Spotted Sandpipers' distinctive breeding plumage, and suspected out-of-range vagrants must be carefully observed for identification to species.

Both species have short yellow or yellowish legs and a medium bill. These are not gregarious birds and are seldom seen in large flocks.

They nest on the ground, and their habitat is near fresh water. These birds forage on the ground or in water, picking up food by sight. They may also catch insects in flight. They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates.

"Actitis" is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers [Paton "et al." (2003), Thomas "et al" (2004)] . Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23-22 million years ago, presumably "Actitis" diverged from its closest relatives in the Late Oligocene; given the much higher diversity of the prehistoric members of the group in Eurasia it is likely that they originated there, possibly being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time. [Mlíkovský (2002), Paton "et al." (2003)]

The Late Pliocene fossil described as "Actitis balcanica" appears to be actually from some indeterminate charadriid. [Mlíkovský (2002)]

Footnotes

References

* (2002): "Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe". Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. "Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." 29(2): 268-278. doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 (HTML abstract)
* (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. "BMC Evol. Biol." 4: 28. doi|10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/picrender.fcgi?artid=515296&blobtype=pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296#supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material]