William "Duff" Armstrong

William "Duff" Armstrong was a defendant in an 1858 murder prosecution in which he was defended by Abraham Lincoln, future President of the United States.

The case

Armstrong was charged with the August 29 1857 murder of James Preston Metzker in Mason County, Illinois. His father, Jack Armstrong, had been a friend of Lincoln while he was studying law in New Salem, Illinois. When Lincoln heard of the murder charge, he wrote to Jack's widow, Hannah, and volunteered his legal services pro bono. The trial was moved to Cass County and held at the courthouse at Beardstown, Illinois.

Witness Charles Allen testified that he saw Duff Armstrong strike Metzker. Under cross examination Lincoln pushed for further detail and Charles Allen testified that he was at a distance of 150 feet but could clearly see the act by the light of the full moon. Abraham Lincoln used judicial notice — a very uncommon tactic at the time — to show Allen lied on the stand when he claimed he had witnessed the crime in the moonlight. Lincoln produced an almanac to show that the moon on that date could not have produced enough light for the witness to see anything clearly. Based on this evidence, the jury acquitted Armstrong after only one ballot.

Armstrong went on to join the Union forces in the Civil War. He became ill in 1863 and, at his mother's request, Lincoln arranged for Armstrong's discharge. [Lincoln's letter to Hannah Armstrong, reporting Duff's discharge, is quoted in several Lincoln biographies. See, e.g., Alberg J. Beveridge, "Life of Lincoln."] Armstrong lived long after the war; his death was reported in the "New York Times" on May 14 1899. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B03E4DC123DE633A25757C1A9639C94689ED7CF&oref=slogin Death of William Armstrong: Was once held for murder and Abraham Lincoln defended him.] "The New York Times," 14 May 1899.]

References

External links

* [http://aa.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/aa_moonphases.pl?year=1857&ZZZ=END US Naval Observatory: Phases of the moon for CY 1857]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAarmstrongDuff.htm BioData]