- Ekran
: "For the Soviet animation studio see page
Studio Ekran "Ekran ( _ru. "Экран", "Screen") was a Soviet-Russian type of geostationarysatellite , developed for a national system ofDirect-To-Home television . The first satellite of Ekran series was launched in 1976. Each satellite in the Ekran series was designed to provide one TV and 2radio program channels tocable TVsystem s throughout the USSR and to individual homereceiver s in northernSiberia . Ekran's downlink is in the UHF range. Early Ekran satellites used orbital positions in the range from 48 degrees E to 95 degrees E, but recent Ekrans, including the current Ekran 20, have been stationed at 99 degrees E. These 3-axis stabilized satellites carry a single 24 MHz, 200 W transponder, feeding a 28 dB gain antenna transmitting on right-hand circularpolarization to produceequivalent isotropically radiated power s in Siberia in therange 50 to 55 dBW at 714 MHz. The corresponding feeder link uses left-hand circular polarization at 6200 MHz. Therefore, almost every householder could receive the TV signal at home from Ekran'stransponder using a simpleYagi-Uda antenna. There were also various kinds of collective or individualsatellite receiver s, such asEkran KR-10 ,Ekran-KR-01 and Ekran. Latest version of receiver represents a simple individual TVset-top box itself. A modified version of Ekran was called Ekran-M. Ekran satellites have been replaced by improved geostationary craft forDBS , such as Gorizont, Gals, and Express.External links
* [http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/ekran.htm Ekran satellite]
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/Ekran.html Ekran satellite : a short history of development]
* [http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/comm/geo/ekran.htm Ekran-M]
* [http://epizodsspace.testpilot.ru/bibl/getlend/05.html Communicaion satellites : Voices from Space] - in Russian
* [http://www.mlesat.com/Archive2.html Russian Geostationary Satellites]
* [http://www.qsl.net/zs6bte/My%20First%20Satellite%20TV%20Experiments.html Experiments of amateur Direct-To-Home reception of TV signal from Ekran satellite (included some photo)]
* [http://www.gs.ru:8083/cabsatru/tezis/56.html Development of direct satellite broadcasting]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1983eosa.proc...50S&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML&format= Abstract]
* [http://web.ptc.org/library/ptr/june98/reinhart.html Pacific Telecommunications Review]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.