Bulbophyllum

Bulbophyllum
Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Tribe:	Podochilaeae
Subtribe:	Bulbophyllinae
Genus:	Bulbophyllum Thouars, 1822
Species
List of Bulbophyllum species 1805 species, including: Bulb. barbigerum (Bearded Bulbophyllum) Bulb. beccarii Bulb. crassulifolium (Wheat-leaved Bulbophyllum) Bulb. falcatum Bulb. flaviflorum (Golden comb orchid) Bulb. fletcherianum (Tongue Orchid) Bulb. globuliforme Bulb. macphersonii Bulb. macraei (Wu-lai cirrous orchid) Bulb. makayanum (Daisy orchid) Bulb. medusae Bulb. pachyrhachis (Rattail orchid) Bulb. purpurea (Lizard Orchid) Bulb. retusiusculum (Yellow comb orchid) Bulb. transarisanense (Lily orchid)
Synonyms
Anisopetalum Hkr. 1825. Bolbophyllaria Rchb.f 1852. Bolbophyllum Spreng. 1826. Cochlia Bl. 1825. Didactyle Lindley 1852. Diphyes Bl. 1825. Ephippium Blume 1825. Epicranthes Bl. 1825. Epicrianthes Bl. 1828. Gersinia Neraud. 1826. Henosis Hkr.f 1890. Katherinea A. D. Hawkes 1956. Lyraea Lindl. 1830. Macrolepis A. Rich. 1834. Malachadenia Lindley 1839. Megaclinium Lindley 1826. Odontostyles Breda 1827. Osyricera Bl. 1825. Oxysepala Wight 1851. Phyllorchis Thou. 1822. Sarcopodium Lindley & Paxton 1850. Sestochilos Breda 1828. Sunipia Lindley 1826. Taurostalix Rchb.f. 1852. Tribrachia Lindley 1824. Xiphizusa Rchb.f 1852. Zygoglossum Reinw. 1826 [1828].

Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. With more than 2,000 species, it is also one of the largest genera of flowering plants, exceeded only by Astragalus.^[1] This genus is abbreviated in the trade journals as Bulb.

Description

This genus was first described by Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (botanical abbreviation Thouars) in his book "Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées recueillies sur les trois Iles Australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar", describing 17 Bulbophyllum species. There are now more than 2,800 records (accepted names and synonyms) for this genus. This large number and the great variety of its forms make the genus a considerable challenge for the taxonomist: 120 sections and subgenera have been listed. Some of these may deserve a generic status. Several species have as many as ten synonyms. Up to now a general review of this genus is lacking. But as Carlyle A. Luer of Missouri Botanical Garden disentangled the similar chaos in the Pleurothallidinae, so we may expect that a phylogenetic study will gain us a better insight in this large genus.^{[citation needed]}

The scientific name has been derived from the Latin word bulbus (bulb-like) and the Greek word phyllon (leaf), referring to the pseudobulbs on top of which the leaf is growing.

The center of diversity of this genus is in the montage forests of Papua New Guinea (more than 600 species) which seems to be the evolutionary homeland,^[2] though the genus is pantropical and widespread, occurring in Australia, Southeast Asia (with over 200 species in Borneo), India, Madagascar (with 135 species, some endemic), Africa and in tropical central and South America.

The general characteristics for this genus are : single-noded pseudobulbs, the basal inflorescence and the mobile lip.

This genus covers an incredible range of vegetative forms, from tall plants with cane-like stems, to root climbers that wind or creep their way up tree trunks. Other members are pendulous epiphytes (growing on other plants), and quite a number that have developed succulent foliage to a greater or lesser degree. Some species are lithophytic. One species has almost become leafless and uses its pseudobulbs as the organs of photosynthesis.

These orchids with a sympodial growth have rhizomatous stems with often angled pseudobulbs. The thin to leathery leaves are folded lengthwise.

Many Bulbophyllum species have the typical odor of rotting carcasses, and the flies they attract assist in their reproduction through pollination.

The erect to pendent inflorescence arises laterally from the base of the pseudobulb. The flower form has a basic structural blueprint that serves to identify this genus. But this form can be very diverse : compound or single, with few to many flowers, with the resupinate flowers arranged spirally or in two vertical ranks. The sepals and the petals can also be very varied : straight or turned down, without footstalk or with a long claw at the base. They are often hairy or callous. There are two to four hard and waxy pollinia with stipes present or absent. The fruits are beakless capsules.

Some species are known for their extremes of vegetive and floral form:

• Bulbophyllum beccarii
• Bulbophyllum barbigerum
• Bulbophyllum falcatum
• Bulbophyllum macphersonii
• Bulbophyllum medusae

New species are being discovered every year, such as

• Bulbophyllum ciluliae Bianch. & J.A.N.Bat., Sitientibus 2004
• Bulbophyllum orezii Sath.Kumar 2004

There is one intergeneric hybrid : Triasphyllum (abbr.: Tphm.) (Bulbophyllum x Trias) THe flower dates back to the 1800 century and is known for its beauty!

Conservation status

A number of Bulbophyllum species are threatened with extinction, and are recognised as such by the World Conservation Union (IUCN):

• Bulbophyllum bifarium, Vulnerable
• Bulbophyllum filiforme, Critically endangered
• Bulbophyllum gravidum, Vulnerable
• Bulbophyllum jaapii, Vulnerable
• Bulbophyllum kupense, Critically endangered
• Bulbophyllum modicum, Endangered
• Bulbophyllum nigericum, Vulnerable
• Bulbophyllum pandanetorum, Endangered
• Bulbophyllum rubrolabellum, Endangered
• Bulbophyllum tokioi, Endangered

Additionally, Bulbophyllum porphyrostachys is listed as near threatened.

Gallery

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  Bulbophyllum baileyi var. alba

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  Bulbophyllum falcatum

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  Bulbophyllum lepidum

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  Bulbophyllum putidum

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  Bulbophyllum pectenveneris

References

1. ^ David G. Frodin (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon 53 (3): 753–776. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449. 
2. ^ Emly S. Siegerist (2001). Bulbophyllums and their allies: a grower's guide. Portland (OR): Timber Press. ISBN 9780881925067. http://books.google.com/?id=HnzJ2ss_SQ8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bulbophyllums+and+their+allies&q. 

Bibliography

• J.J. Vermeulen : Orchid Monographs Vol. 7 (1993) , A taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum, sections Adelopetalum, Lepanthanthe, Macrouris, Pelma, Peltopus, and Uncifera (Orchidaceae). iv + 324 pp., 25 text-figs. + 116 full-page line drawings, 6 pp. colour plates. ISBN 90-71236-17-X
• Siegerist E.S.: - Bulbophyllums and their allies Timber Press, 2001, 77 colour photos, 296 pp ISBN 0-88192-506-3 - devoted solely to Bulbophyllums, it is an introductory guide for amateur and advanced orchid growers.

External links

• Bulbophyllum page
• The Bulbophyllum - Checklist