William Crabtree

William Crabtree (1610–1644) was an astronomer, mathematician, and merchant from Broughton, then a township near Manchester, which is now part of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. He was one of only two people to observe the first recorded transit of Venus in 1639.

Crabtree was born in the hamlet of "Broughton Spout" which was on the east bank of the River Irwell, near the area now known as "The Priory" in Broughton [Broughton and Cheetham Hill in Victorian times by Monty Dobkin ISBN 1 85216 131 0 pages 48&52] and was educated at "The Manchester School" which was probably a grammar school attached to the Manchester Collegiate Church, which later became Manchester Cathedral.journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=303461 Retrieved 2007-11-13] He married into a wealthy family and worked as a merchant in Manchester. However, in his spare time, his great interest was astronomy. He carefully measured the movements of the planets and undertook precise astronomical calculations. With improved accuracy, he rewrote the existing Rudolphine Tables of Planetary Positions.

Crabtree corresponded with Jeremiah Horrocks (who sometimes spelt his name in the Latised form as Horrox), another enthusiastic amateur astronomer, from 1636. A group of astronomers from the north of England, which included William Gascoigne, formed around them and were Britain's first followers of the astronomy of Johannes Kepler. "Nos Keplari" as the group called themselves, were distinguished as being the first people to gain a realistic notion of the solar system's size. [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/nk/birth.htm Retrieved 2007-11-13] Crabtree and Horrocks where the only astronomers to observe, plot, and record the transit of the planet Venus across the Sun, as predicted by Horrocks, on 24 November 1639 (Julian calendar, or 4 December in the Gregorian calendar). They also predicted the next occurrence on 8 June 2004. The two correspondents both recorded the event in their own homes and it is not known whether they ever met in person, but Crabtree's calculations were crucial in allowing Horrocks to estimate the size of Venus and the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Unfortunately Horrocks died early in 1641 the day before he was due to meet Crabtree. Crabtree made his will on 19 July 1644, and was buried within the precincts of the Manchester Collegiate Church on 1 August 1644, close to where he had received his education.

The recording of the transit is now seen by many as the birth of modern astronomy in Britain, [ [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45526.x Blackwell Synergy - Cookie Absent ] ] [www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Observations/ToV/Horrocks.htm] and indeed, John Flamsteed later said that that the work of Horrocks and his north country colleagues laid much of the foundation upon which his work as Astronomer Royal would stand. [http://books.google.com/books?id=OH_c_21OG6MC&pg=RA1-PA75&lpg=RA1-PA75&dq=william+crabtree+and+towneley&source=web&ots=Wix1n78eow&sig=qKPzV2TlLBBakJW7xaPvAhMQgoA Retrieved 2007-11-15]

On the 9 June 2004, the day after the next transit occurred as predicted by Horrocks, a commemorative street nameplate in memory of William Crabtree was unveiled at the junction of Lower Broughton Road and Priory Grove which marks the northern boundary of Crabtree Croft. [ [http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford/salfordlocalhistory/venustransit.htm Salford.go.uk local history] ] A commemorative plaque was unveiled a few yards away in December 2005, at Ivy Cottage 388-90 Lower Broughton Road, which is thought most likely to have been the home of Crabtree and his family at the time when he was collaborating with Horrocks [http://www.salford.gov.uk/appendix_c_the_cliff_web.pdf]

Crabtree is also celebrated in Manchester Town Hall, where a romanticised depiction of his recording of the transit can be seen in a mural (pictured) entitled "Crabtree watching the transit of Venus AD 1639" painted by the artist Ford Madox Brown in 1903.

Book

*Chapman, Allan, '"William Crabtree 1610–1644: Manchester's First Mathematician"', Allan Chapman. Manchester Statistical Society, 1996. ISBN 0-85336-132-0..

External links

*" [http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/chasing-venus/intro.htm Chasing Venus, Observing the Transits of Venus] " Smithsonian Institution Libraries
* [http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/scientists1.html Manchester Science and Discovery] including William Crabtree biography* [http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford/salfordlocalhistory/venustransit.htm William Crabtree, Venus genius]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/nk/IAUVenus-Transit.pdf William Crabtree's Venus Transit Observation]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/nk/birth.htm Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy]
* [http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FIAU%2FIAU2004_IAUC196%2FS1743921305001225a.pdf&code=6f566725a6ba1ec69ea5704c1f57a0b3 Transits of Venus, History results and Legacy]

References