- T-rules
The T(ea)-rules ("T(hee)-regels") are a set of rules used in
Dutch language to determine whether the second person singular/plural and the first and third person singular of a verb end in "-t" or not. These rules must not be confused with the't kofschip -rule.The rules are taught as follows:
*"Ik drink nooit t(hee)" (I ("ik") never drink t(ea))
*"Jij drinkt alleen t(hee) als je tegenwoordig bent en voorafgaat" (You ("jij") only drink t(ea) if you be present and go forward)
*"Gij drinkt altijd t(hee)" (You ("gij") always drink t(ea))
*"U drinkt enkel t(hee) als u tegenwoordig is" (You ("U"/"u") only drink t(ea) if you be present)
*"Hij drinkt enkel t(hee) als hij tegenwoordig is" (He ("hij") only drinks t(ea) if he be present)However the actual rules for Dutch conjugation are more complex.
econd person pronouns
"Jij/je" (2nd singular)
The pronoun "jij/je" only makes the verb end in "-t" if it precedes the verb, and if the verb is in the simple present or present perfect indicative. Modal verbs and the future/conditional auxiliary "zullen" allow forms with and without "-t" (but the subject pronoun must still precede the verb for the "-t" form to appear).
*"Jij" gaat naar school. ("You go to school", simple present indicative, "jij" precedes verb)
*Ga "jij" naar school? ("Do you go to school?", "jij" does not precede verb)
*"Je" zou naar school gaan. ("You would go to school", conditional auxiliary)
*"Jij" ging naar school. ("You went to school", past tense)
*"Je" kan naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal form without "t")
*"Je" kunt naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal "t"-form, "je" precedes verb)
*Kun "je" naar school gaan? ("Can you go to school?", modal, "je" does not precede verb)
*"Je" zal naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary without "t")
*"Je" zult naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary "t"-form, "je" precedes verb)
*Zul "je" naar school gegaan zijn? ("Will you have gone to school?", future auxiliary, "je" does not precede verb)If the radical of the verb end in "-t", the "jij" form always ends in "-t":
*"Jij" rust. ("You rest", "je" precedes verb)
*Rust "jij"? ("Do you rest?", "je" does not precede verb)With the verbs "houden", "rijden" and verbs derived from them, the "-d" of the radical can be dropped if it is not followed by "-t". In a formal context, usually the "d" is not dropped.
*Hou "jij" van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?")
*Houd "jij" van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?", formal)
*"Jij" houdt van bloemen ("You like flowers", "jij" precedes verb)"Jullie" (2nd plural)
The pronoun "jullie" always makes the verb end in "-en". The ending "-t" is also possible, but this form is archaic.
*"Jullie" gaan naar school. ("You go to school")
*"Jullie" gaat naar school. ("You go to school", archaic)"Gij/ge" (2nd sing./plur.)
The pronoun "gij/ge" makes the verb end in "-t", whether the pronoun precede or follow the verb. Modal and auxiliary forms also end in "-t":
*"Gij" gaat naar school. ("You go to school", present indicative, "gij" precedes)
*Gaat "gij" naar school. ("Do you go to school?", "gij" follows)
*"Ge" zoudt naar school gaan. ("You would go to school", conditional)
*"Gij" gingt naar school. ("You went to school", past)
*"Ge" kunt naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal)No extra "-t" is added if the verb stem already end in "-t". The ending "-t" is added after "-d":
*"Gij" rust. ("You rest")
*Houdt "gij" van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?")
*"Gij" houdt van bloemen ("You like flowers")In the subjunctive and in the regular past, the "-t" can be dropped, but this is not obligatory:
*"Gij" neme(t) een lepel suiker. (You take a spoon of sugar, present subjunctive)
*Werkte(t) "ge" hard? (Did you work hard, regular past)In informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the "-t" changes into "-de", if "gij" follow the verb:
*Zijde "gij" blind! Ziede "gij" dat nu niet! ("Are you blind! Didn't you see that!", I informal)
In very informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the subject is dropped and the "-t" changes into "-de":
*Zijde blind! Ziede dat nu niet! ("Are you blind! Didn't you see that!", informal)
Third person singular and "u"/"U"
The rules for third person singular subjects and the pronoun "u"/"U" (2nd person sing./plur.) are the same: the verb takes "-t" in the simple present and present perfect tense of the indicative. Modal verbs and "zullen" have forms without "-t".
*"Hij" gaat naar school. ("He goes to school", present indicative)
*Gaat "u" naar school. ("Do you go to school", present indicative)
*"Hij" zou naar school gaan. ("He would go to school", conditional)
*"U" ging naar school. ("You went to school", past)
*"Zij" kan naar school gaan. ("She can go to school", modal)The first person singular for non-modal verb is identical to the radical. The form can end in a vowel or in a consonant (including "t"). For the verbs "houden", "rijden" and their derivatives, the "-d" of the radical is also dropped. In a formal context, usually the "d" is not dropped.
*"Ik" ga naar school ("I go to school")
*"Ik" rust ("I rest", radical ends in "t")
*"Ik" hou van bloemen ("I love flowers", form without "-d")
*"Ik" houd van bloemen ("I love flowers", form with "-d", formal)ee also
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Dutch conjugation nl:d/t-regels
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