Hendrik Niehoff

Hendrik Niehoff (1495 – c. 1561) was a Dutch pipe organ builder, who learned with noted builder, Jan van Covelen (c. 1470-1532). According to Liuwe Tamminga, Niehoff was born in Leeuwarden, the capital of Province Friesland. (Tamminga has been organist since the 1980s on the ancient organ {1471-75} of Lorenzo da Prato at the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna and also was born in a nearby Friesland village.) Following Jan van Covelen's death in 1532, Hendrik Niehoff established his shop in 's-Hertogenbosch to continue building new and upgrading organs throughout the Netherlands and in major Hanseatic cities and, thus, can be considered the most significant organbuilder in northwestern Europe in the middle third of the 16th century due both to the fabulous visual architectural quality of the cases and the exquisite sounds these instruments make for the eye and ear.

The pipes in Niehoff's organs are remarkable in that they use an alloy of over 98% lead, with only about 1.3% tin and minimal amounts of antimony, copper and bismuth - the latter probably due to the not highly refined ores available to the builders of that time. (The use of lead plate to make organ pipes probably stems from its use to fabricate the roofs of European churches of the time.) Pipes made of this alloy are noted for producing sounds with the "vocale" characteristic of the organs of the high Renaissance/early Baroque period. To enhance their appearance, the façade pipes usually were covered with thin, bright tin foil that was held to the underlying lead pipe with a glue made of duck egg white.

American organbuilder John Brombaugh (b. 1937, retired 2005) used several surviving examples of pipes from the 1539 Schoonhoven Niehoff organ given to him in 1971 by Dr. Maarten A. Vente as models for many instruments his firm made after their first new examples were made and used in the [http://www.users.qwest.net/~clchurch-elca/photography.html organ at Central Lutheran Church,] Eugene, Oregon, that was dedicated in 1976. (Respected Belgian organologist, Koos van der Linde, disputes Vente's assertion that Niehoff made Brombaugh's sample Dutch pipes; he contends they were made by the hand of Peter Janz. de Swart, who built the Leiden Hoogslandskerk organ ca. 1565. Could de Swart have been an apprentice with Niehoff when the Schoonhoven pipes were being made?) This instrument also uses vertical pallets in its Ruckpositive windchest, a method that was normal in Niehoff's organs but seldom found anytime since. It gives a remarkable light touch to the keys - like a harpsichord.

Major Niehoff projects - "BOLD entried organs still extant in 2006"

* 1534 Breda - Groote / [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk_(Breda) OLV (Onze Lieve Vrouwe - Our Lady's) Kerk.] nl icon The positive case on the current organ survives from 1534; information on the 1534 case is taken from a book about the organs in this church which was published in 1989. Jan van Biezen states this organ was built by Jan Graurock; whether or not Niehoff helped is debatable.

* 1528 Franeker - St.-Maarten. Van Biezen and Vente say this instrument was a Jan van Covelen project but, upon his death in 1532 and at the request of van Covelen's widow, Niehoff brought it to completion in 1534. This project is likely the beginning of Hendrik Niehoff's career as an independent organbuilder.

* 1539-1540 Schoonhoven - St.-Bartholomeüs. The case of this organ since 1958 houses the Marcussen organ located in the south transept of the [http://www.orgels-en-kerken.nl/index/rotterdam-laurens-transept.htm Groote / Laurenskerk in Rotterdam.] (Dr. Vente recovered the case when the Schoonhoven congregation abandoned this historic organ in the 1930s to purchase a new organ. He gave it to the war desecrated Rotterdam congregation to use in its new replacement organ as the demolished church was being restored.)

* 1539-1545 Amsterdam - St.-Nicolaas / Oude Kerk. The renowned Dutch musician, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, was organist here from 1580 till 1621.:: [http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/oudekerk.html A description of the Oude Kerk showing both newer organs is visible here.]

* 1545 Delft - St.-Hippolytus / Oude Kerk

* 1544-1545 Amsterdam - St.-Nicolaas / Oude Kerk. A second, smaller organ was made for the north transept. Some pipes of that organ are still extant in the [http://www.xs4all.nl/~acvwpcd/Images_equipment/KoororgelOudeKerk007_05.jpgnew organ] that [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wolff_Schonat Hans Wolf Schonat] nl icon built ca. 1658 and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ahrend Ahrend & Brunzema] de icon restored in 1964-65.

* 1545-1549 Zierikzee - St.-Lievensmonster. An interesting description of this organ is written in "Beschrijving van het oude en nieuwe orgel in de Groote of St. Lievens Monsterkerk der stad Zierikzee" by Willem Lootens, 1771.

* -1548 Delft - St.-Ursula / Nieuwe Kerk

* 1548 Enkhuizen - St.-Gommarus / [http://dewester.bruist.nu/14 Westerkerk] . Niehoff's organ case remains, but the organ was rebuilt by the van Hagerbeer and [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Duyschot Duyschot] nl icon families ca. 1645 and 1679-83. Some of its pipes are still extant in the organ at the St.-Pancras / Zuiderkerk church in Enkhuizen.:: [http://www.okk-enkhuizen.org/1par/gumpancr.htm Go here for further information on the church.] nl icon

* 1548-1550 Hamburg - an upgrading rebuild of the existing organ at the Petrikirche. Following the terrible Hamburg fire of 1842, nothing remains of this organ.

* 1551-1553 Lüneburg - Johanniskirche, built together with Jasper Johansen. In 1699, Georg Böhm became organist here and, beginning soon after (according to Christoph Wolff) gave Johann Sebastian Bach lessons on this instrument during Bach's student tenure at the Michaeliskirche from 1700 through 1702. Böhm had the Niehoff organ considerably rebuilt and upgraded in 1714 by Arp Schnitger's student, Matthias Dropa. It has been restored on several occasions by Rudolf von Beckerath's shop (Hamburg); it probably has the most of Niehoff's work remaining in any of his large organs.:: [http://www.luene-info.de/index2.html?http://www.luene-info.de/johannis/orgelge.html Go here for further history of the Lüneburg Johanniskirche organ] de icon

* before 1553 Schiedam - [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Janskerk_(Schiedam) St.-Jan] nl icon The center case and some pipes from Niehoff are still extant in a [http://www.orgels-en-kerken.nl/index/schiedam-grotekerk-hoofdorgel.htm new instrument] nl icon the [http://www.flentrop.nl/indexuk.html Flentrop] firm built in 1975 and upgraded in 1994.

* 1555 Bergen op Zoom - St.-Geertruida Kerk

* 1556-1558 Gouda - [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Janskerk_%28Gouda%29 St.-Jans Kerk] nl icon The drastically altered remnants of this organ's case were placed in the 19th century Roman Catholic parish church in Abcoude.

* 1557 Brouwershaven - [http://www.vbmk.nl/nicolaaskerk/geschiedenis/orgel.htm St.-Nicolaas] nl icon, built together with his son, Nicolaas Niehoff. The historic case and upper case façade pipes were used when the [http://www.vulpen-orgel.nl/ Van Vulpen] firm built a new organ in 1968 and 1980. Note the similarity between the [http://www.orgelsite.nl/brouwershaven.htm Brouwershaven] and [http://www.flickr.com/photos/40922198@N00/386937099/ Lüneburg] Ruckpositive cases!

Published References

* cite book
author = Jan van Biezen
title = Het Nederlandse Orgel in de Renaissance en de Barok, in het bijzonder de School van Jan van Covelens
publisher = Koninlijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muiziekgeschiedenis
location = Utrecht (1995)
id = ISBN 90-6375-154-0 nl icon

* cite book
author = Dr. Maarten A. Vente (1915-1989)
title = Die Brabanter Orgel, zur Geschichte der Orgelkunst in Belgien und Holland im Zeitalter der Gotik und der Renaissance
publisher = H.J. Paris (1958 & 1963)
location = Amsterdam gives another valuable description of work by the Niehoff family. de icon

* cite book
author = Harald Vogel, Günter Lade, Nicola Borger-Keweloh & others
title = Orgeln in Niedersachsen
publisher = Verlag H.M. Hauschild (1997)
location = Bremen
id = ISBN 3-931 785-50-5 provides valuable information, especially on the Lüneburg Johanniskirche organ de icon

* Lootens, Willem. "Beschryving van het oude en nieuwe orgel, in de Groote- of St. Lievens Monsterkerk der stad Zierikzee, beneffens ... "; Baarn, "De Praestantpers" (1966). nl icon::Or. artificial leather, (X), 37+1, (8)p. + folding plate of the organ in the church. Facsimile of the edition 1771. With information about Lootens by Mr. A. Bouman.

External links

* [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Niehoff#Hendrik_Niehoff Further information on the Niehoff family in Dutch] nl icon
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Niehoff Further information on the Niehoff family in German] de icon