Securities lending

In finance, securities lending or stock lending refers to the lending of securities by one party to another. The terms of the loan will be governed by a "Securities Lending Agreement", which, under U.S. law, requires that the borrower provides the lender with collateral, in the form of cash, government securities, or a Letter of Credit of value equal to or greater than the loaned securities. As payment for the loan, the parties negotiate a fee, quoted as an annualized percentage of the value of the loaned securities. If the agreed form of collateral is cash, then the fee may be quoted as a "rebate", meaning that the lender will earn all of the interest which accrues on the cash collateral, and will "rebate" an agreed rate of interest to the borrower.

Market size

Securities Lending is an over-the-counter market, so the size of this industry is difficult to estimate accurately. According to the industry group ISLA, in the year 2007, the balance of securities on loan exceeds $2 trillion globally [http://www.isla.co.uk/docs/intro%20to%20securities%20lending%20v1%20-%20exec%20summary.pdf An Introduction to Securities Lending v1, March 2004] ] .

An example

In an example transaction, a large institutional money manager with a position in a particular stock would allow those securities to be borrowed by a secruties lender. The securities lender (investment bank) would then allow a short seller to borrow the stock and sell it. The short seller would like to buy the stock back at a lower price (which would create a profit). Once the shares are borrowed and sold, it generates cash from selling the stock. That cash would become collateral for the borrow. The cash value of the collateral would be marked-to-market on a daily basis to maintain 105%. The institutional manager would have access to the cash for overnight investment and maintains a long position in the stock.

Legalities

Securities Lending is legal and clearly regulated in most of the world's major securities markets. Most markets mandate that the borrowing of securities be conducted only for specifically permitted purposes, which generally include;
#to facilitate settlement of a trade,
#to facilitate delivery of a short sale,
#to finance the security, or
#to facilitate a loan to another borrower who is motivated by one of these permitted purposes.

When a security is loaned, the title of the security transfers to the borrower. This means that the borrower has the advantages of holding the security, just as though they owned it. Specifically, the borrower will receive all coupon and/or dividend payments, and any other rights such as voting rights. In most cases, these dividends or coupons must be passed back to the lender in the form of what is referred to as a "manufactured dividend".

The initial driver for the securities lending business was to cover settlement failure. If one party fails to deliver stock to you it can mean that you are unable to deliver stock that you have already sold to another party. In order to avoid the costs and penalties that can arise from settlement failure, stock could be borrowed at a fee, and delivered to the second party. When your initial stock finally arrived (or was obtained from another source) lender would receive back the same number of shares in the security they lent.

The principal reason for borrowing a security is to cover a short position. As you are obliged to deliver the security, you will have to borrow it. At the end of the agreement you will have to return an "equivalent" security to the lender. Equivalent in this context means "fungible", i.e. the securities have to be completely interchangeable. Compare this with lending a ten euro note. You do not expect exactly the same note back, as any ten euro note will do.

Securities lending & borrowing is often required, by matter of law, to engage in short selling. In fact, recent regulation in the United States required that, before short sales were executed for 19 specific financial stocks, the sellers first pre-borrow shares in those issues [ [http://sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/emordershortsalesfaq.htm SEC Emergency Short Sale Rule 15 July 2008] ] . This caused securities lending volumes in these 19 issues to double [ [http://217.151.192.253/SecuritiesFinance/Mailers/AstecAnalytics15Aug/AstecMarketAnalysis.pdf Analysis of the effect of the SEC’s special order on the securities lending market] ] . The SEC is currently evaluating whether to extend such a rule to the wider market [ [http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN1929265720080819 SEC to propose short sale rule in weeks] ] .

ecurities lenders

Securities lenders, often simply called sec lenders are institutions which have access to 'lendable' securities. This can be asset managers, who have many securities under management, custodian banks holding securities for third parties or third party lenders who access securities automatically via the asset holder's custodian. The international trade organization for the securities lending industry is the International Securities Lending Association. According to a June 2004 survey, their members had euro 5.99 billion worth of securities available for lending. In the US, the Risk Management Association publishes quarterly surveys among its (US based) members. In June 2005, these had USD 5,770 million worth of securities available. Large security lenders are:

*ABN AMRO (New York, London, Hong Kong)
*Bank of New York (New York)
*Barclays Global Investors (San Francisco, London, Tokyo)
*Brown Brothers Harriman (New York)
*Citibank (New York)
*Charles Schwab Corporation (San Francisco)
*Dresdner Bank (Frankfurt)
*Deutsche Bank (New York)
*eSecLending (Boston, London)
*Fortis Bank (New York, Amsterdam, London, Hong Kong)
*Goldman Sachs (New York, London, UK, Hong Kong, Tokyo)
*HSBC (New York, London, Hong Kong)
*JPMorgan Chase (New York)
*Jefferies & Company (New York, LA)
*Mellon Bank (Pittsburgh)
*Penson Financial Services (New York, Dallas)
*Robeco (Rotterdam, the Netherlands)
*RBC Dexia (London, Luxembourg, Toronto)
*State Street Corporation (Boston, London)
*The Northern Trust Company (Chicago)
*UBS (Zürich, Switzerland, London)
*Wachovia Global Securities Lending (New Jersey)

Typical borrowers include hedge funds and the propriety trading desks of investment banks.

The Term as Used in Investment Banking

In investment banking, the term "securities lending" is also used to describe a service offered to large investors who can allow the investment bank to lend out their shares to other people. This is often done to investors of all sizes who have pledged their shares to borrow money to buy more shares, but large investors like pension funds often choose to do this to their unpledged shares because they will receive interest income. In these types of agreements, the investor still receives any dividends as normal, the only thing they cannot generally do is to vote their shares.

The Term as Used in Private Stock-collateralized Lending

Securities Lending is sometimes used erroneously as a synonym of "stock loan" as used in private hedged portfolio stock collateralized loan arrangements where the underlying securities are hedged in one or another manner (options, trading, hedge fund, fund, line of credit, etc.) so as to convert the variable asset to a relatively stable asset against which a usually nonrecourse or limited recourse loan can be placed. Such loans are often referred to as "hedgeloans" - a term originally coined and registered by the company HedgeLender LLC - or hedged portfolio stock loans.

References

External links

* [http://www.isfmagazine.com ISF Magazine]
* [http://www.isla.co.uk ISLA website]
* [http://www.isla.co.uk/sl_intro.asp ISLA's "Introduction to Securities Lending"]
* [http://www.rmahq.org/RMA/SecuritiesLending/ RMA]
* [http://www.eseclending.com/about_securities/glossary.php eSecLending Glossary of terms]
* [http://www.sungard.com/AstecAnalytics SunGard Astec Analytics - securities lending research & data]
* [http://www.dataexplorers.com/ DataExplorers.com - comprehensive stock lending and short-interest data]
* [http://www.securitieslending.typepad.com - Securities Lending Traders Network - topical discuss of securities lending issues]