Passai

Passai (披塞) is the Japanese name of a group of kata practiced in different styles of martial arts, including karate and various Korean martial arts (Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do). There are several variations of these kata, including Passai sho (minor) and Passai dai (major) . In karate, the kata are known as "Passai" in Okinawan styles and "Bassai" in Japanese styles. In Korean, the kata has several names: "Bassahee", "Bal Se", "Pal Che", "Palsek", "Bal Sae", "Ba Sa Hee", and "Bal Sak". The kata focus on the idea of changing disadvantage into advantage by strong and courageous response, switching blocks and differing degrees of power. The feeling of kata should be precise, with fast execution of technique and attention given to appropriate balance between speed and power. [John van Weenen, Advanced Shotokan Karate Kata, ISBN 0-9517660-1-5] The Passai kata are usually classed as intermediate kata.

History

This form has been used and practiced in many cultures, including China, Okinawa, Japan and Korea. The origins of this kata are obscure, however there are several theories as to its history. Some researchers believe the Passai kata is related to Chinese Leopard and Lion boxing forms, with some sequences bearing a resemblance to Leopard boxing (the opening blocking / striking movement in cross-legged stance) whereas others are more representative of Lion boxing (open handed techniques and stomping actions). Okinawan karate researcher Akio Kinjo believes that the name means 'leopard-lion' [Swift, J. Roots Of Shotokan: Funakoshi's Original 15 Kata; Part 2 - Pinan, Naihanchi, Kushanku & Passai Kata http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=221] . Yet, in the style, Matsumuro Seito, the name of these katas are interpreted as "To break a fortress". Other historians have noticed the resemblance between some parts of "Passai" and "Wuxing Quan" ("Five Element Fist") Kung Fu. Here are the spellings in several Chinese dialects:

Another theory as to the naming of the kata is that it may represent a person's name. The name may also be a reference to a fortress. In Japanese, Bassai (披塞小 or 抜砦大) means "To Extract From A Castle" or "To Remove an Obstruction." The name is often mistranslated to mean "to penetrate (storm) a fortress," however, 披 (batsu) means to extract or remove, not to penetrate.

Versions

Of the Okinawan versions of "Passai", a clear evolutionary link can be seen from "Matsumura no Passai" (named after the legendary Sokon Matsumura), to "Oyadomari no Passai" (named after the Tomari-te karate master Kokan Oyadomari), and then onto the "Passai" of Anko Itosu who popularized karate by introducing it into the curriculum of Okinawan schools. The Matsumura version has a distinct Chinese flavour, whereas the Oyadomari version is more "Okinawanized". It was further modified by Itosu, and is thought to have created a "sho" ("Passai sho") form of it. Gichin Funakoshi of Shotokan took it to Japan and taught them as "Bassai dai" and "Bassai sho". The Tomari style which incorporated "Oyadomari no Passai" was passed down the Oyadomari family for three generations, originally taught by a Chinese living in Tomari (possibly named Anan), who "used very light techniques". Sokon Matsumura also learned Chinese boxing from the military attaches Ason and Iwah at Fuchou.

The Okinawan versions include powerful blocking and angular defense against attacks from multiple directions. This form is at least 400 years old (based on a carbon tested, silk drawing of the form), and is a family form (Passai is the name of a family in Okinawa). The creator of the form was left-handed. If the practitioner keeps that in mind, some more of the hidden techniques of the form will become visible.

The Okinawans did not have a clear definition for the name "Passai" for Funakoshi to translate into Japanese, so he substituted it with a similar sounding kanji, "Bassai". This can be literally translated to mean "extract from a fortress" or "remove an obstruction". This is thought to be in reference to the power with which the kata should be executed, emphasizing energy generation from the hips and waist. However, the designation of "Bassai" by the Japanese does not appear to have a direct relation to movements in the kata or its origins.

The Shorin-ryu version of "Passai" bears a close resemblance to "Oyadomari no Passai", and is a much softer kata than Shotokan's "Bassai dai". Further evidence that "Passai" has roots in Tomari city is that "Passai dai" starts with the right fist covered by the left hand, like other kata thought to have originated there, such as "Jutte", "Jion", "Jiin" and "Empi". This hand gesture is a common salutation in China. However, there is some contention between researchers as to if there was a separate Tomari school of karate.

The suffix -"dai" means "large" and -"sho" "small". Hence, "Passai sho" is a shorter variation on "Passai" and also bears some resemblances to "Bassai dai", indicating this kata may have been born out of combining elements of "Passai" and "Passai sho". One notable point is that bunkai describes it as a defense against a bo.

Itosu is thought to have created this from a version of "Bassai" practiced in Shuri city. To confuse matters even more "Bassai Sho" is written exactly the same way as a Chinese form know as "Ba Ji Xiao" which has a counterpart form known as "Ba Ji Da" (from the Ba Ji Ch’uan style), so perhaps this kata pair and the "Dai-Sho" naming scheme originates from China, invalidating the claim Itosu authored most of the -"sho" kata.

ee also

* Karate kata

References

ources

* [http://www.geocities.com/karatejmh/Passai.htm Akari-ki Karate: Passai Series]
* Bishop, M. Okinawan Karate (Tuttle, Boston, 1999).
* Redmond, R. Kata: The Folk Dances of Shotokan, 2006 (http://www.24fightingchickens.com/kata/)
* Swift, J. Roots Of Shotokan: Funakoshi's Original 15 Kata; Part 2 - Pinan, Naihanchi, Kushanku & Passai Kata http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=221
* Roosen, A. Ko Ken Ryu Syllabus (http://www.kokenryu.com)
* Chan, S. Personal Communication (14/01/04)

External links

* [http://www.karate-psv-hattingen.de/images/Kata/Bassai_Sho_g.jpgShotokan Bassai Sho kata execution diagram]
* [http://www.karate-psv-hattingen.de/images/Kata/Bassai_Dai_g.jpgShotokan Bassai Dai kata execution diagram]