Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

The German Peasants' War took place between 1524 and 1526, as a result of a tumultuous collection of grievances in many different spheres; political, economic, social, and theological. Martin Luther is often considered to be the foundation for the Peasants’ Revolt, however he maintained allegiance to the Princes as a method of ensuring the survival of his reformation. "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants" typifies Luther’s reaction to the Peasants’ War, and alludes to Luther’s concern that he might be seen to be responsible for their rebellion, as well as to his desire to keep his reformation on track.

Context

The Peasants' War

Ignited in 1524, the Peasants’ War spread across the Germanic regions of the Holy Roman Empire during 1525, and was ultimately put down in 1526. Many factors played a role in inciting the peasants to revolt, including changes in social and economic structures. The shift away from a purely agrarian economic base during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries served as a backdrop to the formation of new social classes, ones that could not and did not fit into the traditional feudal hierarchy. Although initially the grievances cited by the peasants were essentially based on individual abuses on the part of government of the Church, this shifted as time went on, and would come to encompass these minor issues within a general dissatisfaction for the entire feudal order. [Blickle, Peter ed. "The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, xiv.]

Luther and the Peasants: Reluctant Inspiration

The relationship between the Protestant Reformation and the Peasants’ War has long been a subject of debate. The traditional understanding in this matter is that the Peasants’ Revolt stemmed directly from Martin Luther’s doctrine of spiritual freedom and the application of his ideas as religious justification for social and political upheaval. Luther himself could be said to hold this belief, as his writings indicate that he felt responsible for giving the peasants justification for open rebellion. [Blickle, Peter ed. "The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, xxii.] It is true that Luther offered useful tools to the peasants, his focus on "Sola Scriptura" put great emphasis on literally interpreting the Bible, and this strengthened the idea of ‘Godly law’, that social constructs counter to Godly law could not command the allegiance of the people and justified rebellion. Additionally, and possibly even more significantly than his theology, Luther set an example of rebellion against the two most significant authorities of the era when he opposed both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. [Blickle, Peter ed. "The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, xxiii.] It is likely that Luther’s views simply coincided with the desires of the peasants, and were used for that reason.

Other religious personalities such as Huldrych Zwingli and Thomas Müntzer also influenced the peasants. Zwingli taught from 1523 onwards that in order for the gospel to be successful, secular laws needed to be transformed according to the law of God, something which corresponded neatly with what the peasants wanted. Müntzer, who would lead a peasants’ army until its defeat at Frankenhausen (May 15 1525) by Imperial troops, was able to encourage them by citing scriptural passages that seemed to support rebellion against lawful authority: Luke 22:35-38 and Matthew 10:34. To a peasantry oppressed in so many ways on so many levels, the leadership of men like Müntzer and the inspiration of scripture that appeared to justify violence would make rebellion seem very tempting indeed.

Furthermore, Luther’s attacks on the Roman Catholic church can be said to have inspired various groups to raise arms in revolution. Peasants related to Luther’s appeals against the clergy and ideas about Christian freedom, and wished to ‘wreak vengeance upon all their oppressors’. [Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956 63.] More powerful members of society, including burghers and lesser nobility sought to break the power of the clergy, escape the clutches of Rome, and find monetary gains in the confiscation of church property.

When pressure built around these revolutionary ideas, Luther had to choose a side, and he joined with the burghers, nobility, and princes. In siding with lawful authority, Luther preached peaceful progress and passive resistance in such documents as "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" in 1520. [Luther, Martin. "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation".] He believed that there were no circumstances under which violence should be used on behalf of the Gospel.

Luther and Müntzer: Contrasts in Leadership

Luther stated that he did “not wish the Gospel defended by force and bloodshed. The world was conquered by the Word, the Church is maintained by the Word, and the Word will also put the Church back into its own, and Antichrist, who gained his own without violence, will fall without violence” [Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 63.] . Around the same time as Luther preached peaceful resistance, Müntzer attacked the priesthood in violent sermons, calling for the people to rise up in arms. He too cited biblical references to justify his perspective, and asked “does not Christ say, ‘I came not to send peace, but a sword’? What must you do with that sword? Only one thing if you wish to be the servants of God, and that is to drive out and destroy the evil ones who stand in the way of Gospel” [Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 70.] .

While Luther’s reform ideals grew more popular by the day, Müntzer’s bold ideas were politically agitating and dangerous. Müntzer argued that the Bible was not infallible and definitive, that the Holy Spirit had ways of communicating directly through the gift of reason. His desire for a society without class differences, private property or state authority (independent of the members of society) appears to be a form of proto-communism.

Luther and the Peasants upon the Outbreak of War

When the Peasants’ War broke out in 1524, Luther agreed that the peasants had legitimate grievances, and blamed the authorities for the rebellion. However, at the same time he claimed that the revolt was ungodly, and against the Gospel. To the great disappointment of many commoners, Luther repeatedly refused to side with the rebels despite their legitimate grievances. By 1525, Luther had realized that if the peasants revolt was to succeed, his reformation would fail, so to ensure the survival of Lutheranism, he sacrificed the needs of the peasants. He had not attacked the power of the church (clerical abuses and Church doctrine) in order to redistribute power to the common man. It is likely for this reason that Luther chose to support the authority of princes for the rest of his life [Blickle, Peter ed. "The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, xxiii.] . By putting control of the reform into the hands of the Princes who were used to being subservient to the power of the Roman Catholic church, Luther created strong allies who saw this as extension of their power.

The Twelve Articles of the Christian Union of Upper Swabia

"The Twelve Articles of the Christian Union of Upper Swabia", also known as "The Twelve Articles of the Black Forest", serves as a manifesto for the Peasants’ Rebellion, although not the only one behind it. "The Twelve Articles" are a summary composed by Sebastian Lotzer of hundreds of other articles and grievances with the biblical references that support each point. On the surface they seem quite pedestrian and include: the wish to be able to elect their own pastors; the collection of tithes for use only within their own communities; an end to serfdom with a promise to obey elected and appointed rulers; the right to fish or hunt without limitation; the right to take wood as necessary; a limitation on labour due to lords; an end to traditional peasant services; reasonable rents paid to lords; fair judgements in legal cases; common lands returned to the peasants for common use; an end to the custom of heriot (the right of a lord to seize a peasants’ best chattel upon their death); and lastly, if any of these demands can be demonstrated to be unsupported by scripture, they are null and void. The peasants wanted to hear the Gospel and live their lives accordingly, and those who could be considered enemies of the gospel were the enemies of the peasants. The idea of ‘pure gospel’ served as their justification [Scott, Tom and Bob Scribner eds. "The German Peasants’ War: A History in Documents". New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1991, 253-257.] . "The Twelve Articles" succinctly called for the end of feudalism.

Luther’s Writings

Admonition to Peace

The peasants had used the Bible to support their grievances, and in turn, to justify their rebellion, and Luther would turn it against them. He spoke out against the peasants, specifically rebutting "The Twelve Articles of the Christian Union of Upper Swabia", joining with Roman Catholics to combat the angry horde. Luther’s "Admonition to Peace" was written to serve several functions, initially to prevent bloodshed at the hands of armed peasant mobs, but also to remove the misinterpretation of scripture as justification for violence, and finally as a response to several appeals that called for his counsel [Tappert, Theodore G. ed. "Selected Writings of Martin Luther: 1523-1526". Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967, 307.] .

The first section of the "Admonition" addresses the princes and lords, urging them to recognise the threat that the peasants represented, “not to make light of this rebellion” [Luther, Martin. "Admonition to Peace" (1525)] and asking them to be more considerate in order to avoid confrontation. He reproaches the princes, making it clear that they are to blame, stating that “we have no one on earth to thank for this disastrous rebellion except you princes and lords... as temporal rulers you do nothing but cheat and rob the people so that you may lead a life of luxury and extravagance. The poor common people cannot bear it any longer” [Martin Luther, "Admonition to Peace".] .

The second part addresses the peasants, and although Luther recognizes their demands as reasonable as presented in "The Twelve Articles", he clearly states that they are wrong for using force in order to amend the situation. He takes particular issue with their use of Gospel as justification. The third section acknowledges that both princes and peasants have not been acting as good Christians, reproaching them both, for if war were to ensue both groups would lose their immortal souls.

Luther’s "Admonition to Peace", and the later publication of "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants" were written in response to "The Twelve Articles of the Christian Union of Upper Swabia" and saw wide circulation throughout Germany. Although it is not known when Luther actually first read the "Twelve Articles", it was certainly prior to April 16 1525 [Tappert, Theodore G. ed. "Selected Writings of Martin Luther: 1523-1526". Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967, 306.] .

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Luther remained largely ignorant of the extent to which the unrest permeated the peasantry until he embarked on a tour of Thuringia with Philip Melanchthon. It was at this time that he was able to observe firsthand the severity of the situation, peasants doing “the devil’s work” [Luther, Martin. "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". (1525)] . He attempted to prevent further violence by preaching against it, but recognised that this had little, if any impact.

In May of 1525, he wrote "Against the Rioting Peasants", a title which would be harshened by printers in other cities without Luther’s approval. In this publication, he upbraided the peasants on three charges: that they had violated oaths of loyalty, which makes them subject to secular punishment; they had committed crimes that went against their faith; and that their crimes were committed using Christ’s name which was blasphemy:

The peasants have taken upon themselves the burden of three terrible sins against God and man; by this they have merited death in body and soul... they have sworn to be true and faithful, submissive and obedient, to their rulers... now deliberately and violently breaking this oath... they are starting a rebellion, and are violently robbing and plundering monasteries and castles which are not theirs... they have doubly deserved death in body and soul as highwaymen and murderers... they cloak this terrible and horrible sin with the gospel... thus they become the worst blasphemers of God and slanderers of his holy name” [Luther, Martin. "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". (1525)]

Luther goes so far as to justify the actions of the Princes against the peasants, even when it involves acts of violence. He feels that they can be punished by the lords on the basis that they have “become faithless, perjured, disobedient, rebellious, murderers, robbers, and blasphemers, whom even a heathen ruler has the right and authority to punish” [Luther, Martin. "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". (1525)] . He even venerates those who fight against the peasants, stating that “anyone who is killed fighting on the side of the rulers may be a true martyr in the eyes of God” [Luther, Martin. "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". (1525)] . He closes with a sort of disclaimer, “if anyone thinks this too harsh, let him remember that rebellion is intolerable and that the destruction of the world is to be expected every hour” [Luther, "Martin. Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". (1525)] .

Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants

Following the defeat of Müntzer’s forces on May 15 1525 at Frankenhausen, the peasants war was all but over, as they now lacked leaders with political and military strengths [Tappert, Theodore G. ed. "Selected Writings of Martin Luther: 1523-1526". Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967, 359.] . They felt that they had been betrayed by Luther, and criticised him accordingly for publication of "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". The Catholics pointed out that "Admonition of Peace" vindicated the peasants, by stating that their grievances were legitimate, but when it became clear that the peasants would lose, he deserted them in his writing "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants". He was urged by his friends to make a retraction, something that he steadfastly refused to do.

After a few months he decided to write a formal explanation, in an open letter to Caspar Muller, entitled "An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants". He defends his previous writings, and states that it is the duty of a Christian to “suffer injustice, not to seize the sword and take to violence” [Tappert, Theodore G. ed. "Selected Writings of Martin Luther: 1523-1526". Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967, 361.] . He defends the ‘harshness’ that he used stating that “a revel is not worth rational arguments, for he does not accept them. You have to answer people like that with a fist, until the sweat drips off their noses” [Luther, "Open Letter on the Harsh Book". (1525)] . He also states that the princes were too severe in their punishment of the peasants and that they would be punished by God for their behaviour. With this document it became crystal clear that Luther was a socially conservative man, who would not threaten secular authority.

Aftermath: Luther and Protestantism

Luther’s decision to back the secular powers and denounce the peasants was a strategic one that would secure both the spread and survival of Protestantism. Since the majority of towns wanted moderate reform, and many of the princes were committed to it, it was a logical move. Luther saw that violent upheaval would alienate the princes, nobility and certain towns, and would likely be crushed by Catholic or Imperial opposition [Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 64-65.] . Luther would be chastised for this move, seen as a shill to the princes, and was even stoned in Orlamünde [Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 65.] .

Luther not only instilled an increased sense of power within the Princes, but he also insisted that it was their ‘Godly duty’ to introduce reformation. This forced the various princes to commit to Protestantism, and saw reform proceed in a more directed and effective fashion, than could have been achieved if led by the peasants. All grievances aside, the social order of the day would not tolerate a peasant-engineered realignment of society, economics, religion and politics, and the full weight of Church and secular authority would inevitably be used to crush this movement. While a number of peasant revolts occurred throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, none of them were successful in achieving their aims, and Luther would have known this. To support the peasants would mean throwing in his lot with a side that was doomed to fail, and Luther shrewdly backed the winning parties, guaranteeing the survival of Protestantism. In sacrificing the peasants in order to ingratiate Lutheranism among the Germanic temporal leaders, perhaps Luther was thinking of Matthew 26:11: “The poor you will always have with you, but you will not always have me.” .

Further reading

Primary Sources

*Martin Luther (1525). "Admonition to Peace".
*Martin Luther (1525). "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants".
*Martin Luther (1525). "An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants".
*Sebastian Lotzer (1525). "The Twelve Articles of Upper Swabia".

Secondary Sources

*Bax, E. Belfort. "The Peasants War in Germany: 1525-1526". New York: Russell & Russell, 1968.
*Blickle, Peter ed. "The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
*Engles, Frederick. "The German Revolutions: The Peasants War in German and Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution". London: The University of Chicago Press, 1967.
*Engles, Frederick. "The Peasants War in Germany". Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956.
*Hsia, R. Po-Chia, ed. "The German People and the Reformation". London: Cornell University Press, 1988.
*Oman, Charles. "A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century". London: Metheun, 1937.
*Scott, Tom and Bob Scribner eds. "The German Peasants’ War: A History in Documents". New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1991.
*Scribner, Bob and Gerhard Benecke, eds. "The German Peasant War of 1525: New Viewpoints". Boston: George Allen & Unwin, 1979.
*Tappert, Theodore G. ed. "Selected Writings of Martin Luther: 1523-1526". Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967.

References

External links

*Martin Luther (1525). [http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/histcourse/reformat/maincore/rupp6213.htm "Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants, May 1525"]