- Toqui
Toqui (from the Mapudungun "toki" "axe, axe-bearer") is a title conferred by the
Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) to those who are chosen as their leader during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly orparliament ("coyag "), of the chiefs (lonco s) of the various clans (Rehue s) or confederation of clans (Aillarehue s), allied during the war in question. The Toqui could command strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, organize them in units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until toqui was killed, deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.Some of the more famous Toqui in the
Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations; for instance, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen.Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to usefirearms andartillery in battle.Nongoniel was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army.Cadeguala was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavarly to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle.Anganamon was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast moving cavalry.Lientur pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid "malón s" into Spanish territory.List of Mapuche Toquis
The following
Mapuche leaders were at some time named as toquis:
*Malloquete [Jerónimo de Vivar , Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, Capítulo LXVI ] 1546 †
*Ainavillo [Vivar, Crónica..., Cap. XCV,XCVII] , Aynabillo [Pedro Mariño de Lobera , Crónica del Reino de Chile., Cap. XXXI] or Aillavilú 1550 †
*Lincoyan 1551-1553
* Caupolicán 1553-1558 ††
** Lautaro Vice Toqui 1553-1557 †
*Turcupichun [Diego de Rosales , Historia general de el Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, CAPÍTULO XXI] 1557-1558 ††
*Lemucaguin [Rosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II, CAPÍTULO XXI] orCaupolicán the younger [Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II, Book III, Chap. VIII] 1558 †
*Illangulién [Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo , Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536-1575), Capítulo XLVI] , "Queupulien" [Diego de Rosales , “Historia General del Reino de Chile”, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Cap. XXX] or "Antiguenu" [Juan Ignacio Molina , [http://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4eAAAAMAAJ The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II, Book IV, Chap. 1] 1559-1564 †
**Millalelmo [Alonso de Góngora, Historia..., Capítulo XLV, Cap. XXXVI] or "Millarelmo" [ Diego de Rosales, Historia general de el Reyno de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II] 1562-1570
**Loble [Alonso de Góngora, Historia..., Capítulo XLV] or "Antunecul" [Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche , Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile, Tomo I Cap. L] Vice Toqui 1563-1565
*Paillataru 1564-1574
**Llanganabal 1569
*Paineñamcu [According to Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capítulo LI, pg. 221.] orPaynenancu [Carvallo,Descripcion Histórico...] , originally Alonso Diaz [Lobera calls him Diego Díaz, Crónica..., Libro tercero, Parte tercera, Capítulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz] 1574-1584 ††
*Cayancaru or "Cayeucura" [Diego de Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capítulo LI] 1584
*Nongoniel or "Mangolien" [Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chile”, Tomo II, CAPÍTULO LII] 1585 †
*Cadeguala 1585-1586 †
*Guanoalca or "Huenualca" [Claudio Gay , [http://books.google.com/books?id=YvAcAiOvTmUC&pg=PA541&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_0#PPA138,M1 Historia fisica y politica de Chile ,Capitulo XIII] ] 1586-1590
*Quintuguenu 1591 †
*Paillaeco 1592 †
*Paillamachu 1592-1603
**Pelantaro Vice Toqui
**Millacolquin Vice Toqui
*Huenecura or "Huenencura" [Claudio Gay , Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Tomo II, Cap. XXXII.] 1604-1610
*Aillavilu 1610-1612
*Anganamon [Diego de Rosales , Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano, Tomo II] , "Ancanamon" [Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán , El Cautiverio Feliz; Juan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili] or "Ancanamun" [Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche , [http://books.google.com/books?id=6VQDAAAAMAAJ Descripcion histórico-jeográfica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878] ] 1612-1613
*Loncothegua 1613-1620
*Lientur 1621-1625
** Levipillan Vice Toqui
*Butapichón (Butapichún) 1625-1631
*Quepuantú 1631-1632 †
*Butapichón (Butapichún) 1632-1634
*Huenucalquin 1634-1635 †
*Curanteo 1635 †
*Curimilla 1635-1639 †
*Lincopinchon 1640-1641
*Clentaru 1655
*Mestizo Alejo 1656-1661 @
*Misqui 1661-1663 †
*Colicheuque 1663 †
*Udalevi 1664-1665 †
**Calbuñancü vice toqui 1664-1665 † [Claudio Gay , Historia fisica y politica de Chile Tomo III, CAPITULO XXVII]
*Ayllicuriche or Huaillacuriche [Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa , [http://books.google.com/books?id=PFADAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA319,M1 HISTORIA DE CHILE (1492-1717)] ] 1672-1673 †
*Millalpal or "Millapán" 1692-1694
*Vilumilla 1722-1726
*Curiñancu 1766-1774† Killed in battle or †† executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.
References
Sources
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=FhcTAAAAYAAJ Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=C8C2FNNWaBEC José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830] List of Toquis, pg. 162-163, 498-500.
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