Alexis Clairaut

Infobox Scientist
name = Alexis Claude de Clairault
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caption = Alexis Claude de Clairault
birth_date = May 7, 1713
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death_date = May 17, 1765
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nationality = French
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field = mathematics
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known_for = Clairaut's equation
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Alexis Claude de Clairault (or Clairaut) (May 3, 1713 – May 17, 1765) was a French mathematician and intellectual.

Biography

Childhood

Clairault was born in Paris, France, where his father taught mathematics. He was a prodigy — at the age of twelve he wrote a memoir on four geometrical curves and under his father's tuition he made such rapid progress in the subject that in his thirteenth year he read before the Académie française an account of the properties of four curves which he had discovered. When only sixteen he finished a treatise on tortuous curves, "Recherches sur les courbes a double courbure", which, on its publication in 1731, procured his admission into the French Academy of Sciences, although he was below the legal age as he was only eighteen.

Expeditions

In 1736, together with Pierre Louis Maupertuis, he took part in the expedition to Lapland, which was undertaken for the purpose of estimating a degree of the meridian, and on his return he published his treatise "Théorie de la figure de la terre" (1743). In this work he promulgated the theorem, known as Clairaut's theorem, which connects the gravity at points on the surface of a rotating ellipsoid with the compression and the centrifugal force at the equator.

In 1741 Clairault went on a scientific expedition to measure the length of a meridian degree on the Earth's surface, and on his return in 1743 he published his "Théorie de la figure de la terre". This hydrostatical approach to predicting the shape of the earth is founded on a paper by Colin Maclaurin, which had shown that a mass of fluid set in rotation about a line through its centre of mass would, under the mutual attraction of its particles, take the form of a spheroid. This work of Clairault treated of heterogeneous spheroids and contains the proof of his formula for the accelerating effect of gravity in a place of latitude. In 1849 Stokes showed that the same result was true whatever was the interior constitution or density of the Earth, provided the surface was a spheroid of equilibrium of small ellipticity.

Focus on astronomical motion

He obtained an ingenious approximate solution of the problem of the three bodies; in 1750 he gained the prize of the St Petersburg Academy for his essay "Théorie de la lune"; and in 1759 he calculated the perihelion of Halley's comet.

The "Théorie de la lune" is strictly Newtonian in character. This contains the explanation of the motion of the apsis which had previously puzzled astronomers, and which Clairaut had at first deemed so inexplicable that he was on the point of publishing a new hypothesis as to the law of attraction when it occurred to him to carry the approximation to the third order, and he thereupon found that the result was in accordance with the observations. This was followed in 1754 by some lunar tables. Clairaut subsequently wrote various papers on the orbit of the Moon, and on the motion of comets as affected by the perturbation of the planets, particularly on the path of Halley's comet.

Personal life and death

His growing popularity in society hindered his scientific work: "He was focused," says Bossut, "with dining and with evenings, coupled with a lively taste for women, and seeking to make his pleasures into his day to day work, he lost rest, health, and finally life at the age of fifty-two."

Clairaut died in Paris in 1765.

References

* Grier, David Alan, " [http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7999.html When Computers Were Human] ", Princeton University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-691-09157-9.
* Casey, J., "Clairaut's Hydrostatics: A Study in Contrast," American Journal of Physics, Vol. 60, 1992, pp. 549-554.

ee also

* Clairaut's equation
* Clairaut's theorem
* Human computer

External links

* [http://www.clairaut.com Chronologie de la vie de Clairaut (1713-1765)]
*
* [http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Clairaut/RouseBall/RB_Clairaut.html W.W. Rouse Ball "A Short Account of the History of Mathematics"]