Black-billed Magpie

Taxobox
name = Black-billed Magpie


regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Corvidae
genus = "Pica"
species = "P. hudsonia"
binomial = "Pica hudsonia"
binomial_authority = Sabine, 1823The Black-billed Magpie is a bird in the crow family that inhabits the western half of North America, from Central Western British Columbia to Southern Manitoba, Kansas, and Nevada. There is also a separate population in Southern Alaska.

Externally, it is almost identical with the European Magpie, "Pica pica", and is considered conspecific by many sources. The American Ornithologists' Union, however, splits it as a separate species, "Pica hudsonia", on the grounds that mtDNA sequence studies place it closer to California's Yellow-billed Magpie, "Pica nuttalli", than to the European Magpie. If this view is correct, the Korean subspecies of the European Magpie, "Pica pica sericea", should also be considered a separate species. [Lee, Sang-im; Parr, Cynthia S.; Hwang, Youna; Mindell, David P. & Choea, Jae C., 2003, Phylogeny of magpies (genus "Pica") inferred from mtDNA data, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 250-257. DOI|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00096-4 [http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/molsys/LPHMC03.pdf PDF fulltext] ]

Evolution

It appears that after the ancestral magpie spread over Eurasia, the Korean population became isolated and only after that was North America colonized via Beringia, where the two American magpies then differentiated. Fossil evidence indicates that the ancestral North American magpie had arrived in its current range around the mid-Pliocene (c. 3-4 mya) and that the Yellow-billed Magpie lineage split off rather soon thereafter due to the Sierra Nevada uplift and the beginning ice ages. [Miller, Alden H. & Bowman, Robert I.,1956, A fossil magpie from the Pleistocene of Texas, Condor 58(2): 164-165. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v058n02/p0164-p0165.pdf PDF fulltext] ] The comparatively low genetic difference, however, suggests that some gene flow between the Black-billed and Yellow-billed magpies still occurred during interglacial periods until the Pleistocene.

Typical size and appearance

The adult Black-billed Magpie is 45-60 cm (18-24 in) long and weighs 145-210 g (5-7.5 ounces). The male is larger than the female (16-20% heavier). The bird is black with white shoulders, a white belly, and iridescent dark blue-green wings and tail. There are large white markings on the primaries, clearly visible in flight. The tail is long and makes up half of the bird's length.

Reproduction

* Adult magpie pairs stay together year-round and for life unless one dies, in which case the remaining magpie finds another mate.
* The breeding season for magpies is from late March to early July.
* They nest once a year, but will re-nest if their first attempt fails.
* The female lays up to nine eggs, but the average clutch size is between six and seven. Only the female incubates, for 16 to 18 days. The male feeds the female throughout incubation.
* Young fly three to four weeks after hatching, feed with adults for about two months, and then fly off to join other juvenile magpies.
* The life span of a magpie in the wild is four to six years.

Nesting

* Magpies nest individually, frequently toward the top of deciduous or evergreen trees or tall shrubs. Only the nest tree is defended, and so it is possible for nests to be somewhat clumped in space. When this happens (usually in areas with a limited number of trees or with abundant food resources), a diffuse colony is formed.
* Nests are loose but large accumulations of branches, twigs, mud, grass, rootlets, bark strips, vines, needles, and other materials, with branches and twigs constituting the base and framework. The nest cup is lined with fine rootlets, grass, and other soft material. Nests almost always include a hood or dome of loosely assembled twigs and branches, and usually have one or more side entrances.
* Nests are built by both sexes over a 40- to 50-day period. Old nests are repaired and used, or a new nest is built on top, with older nests thus reaching 120 cm high by 100 cm wide (48 inches high by 40 inches wide).
* Other bird species, including small hawks and owls, often use old magpie nests.

ongs and calls

The most common call of this bird is a nasal inquisitive "chug chug chug", "mag? mag? mag?" or "yak yak yak", uttered in a much higher pitch than the European Magpie's. Many other calls also exist, such as begging calls by females to their mate or by young to their parents, and distress calls when seized by predators.

Migration

This species is mainly a permanent resident; some birds may move south or to lower elevations in winter, while others may wander east after the breeding season.

Food and foraging habits

The Black-billed Magpie is omnivorous, eating many types of insects, carrion, eggs and rodents, as well as berries, seeds and nuts, and also garbage and food from pets that are fed outside. It can land on large mammals, such as moose or cattle, to pick at the ticks that often plague these animals. More typically however, it forages on the ground, usually walking, sometimes hopping. It is known to make food caches in the ground, in scatter-hoarding fashion. To make a cache the bird pushes or hammers its bill into the ground (or snow), forming a small hole into which it deposits or regurgitates food items. The cache is then covered with grass, leaves, or twigs. Such hoards are short-term; the food is usually recovered within a few days. The bird relocates its caches by sight and also by smell. [Buitron, D., and Nuechterlein, G.L., 1985, Experiments on olfactory detection of food caches by black-billed magpies, Condor 87: 92-95.]

Flocking

The Black-billed magpie often forms loose flocks outside of the breeding season. Dominance hierarchies may develop within such flocks. Dominants can steal food from subordinates. Aggressive interactions also occur at point sources of food.

Roosting

Like American Crows, magpies tend to roost communally in winter. Every evening they fly, sometimes over long distances, to reach safe roosting sites such as dense foliage that impede predator movement, or, more typically at higher latitudes, dense conifers that afford good wind protection. [Reebs, S.G., 1987, Roost characteristics and roosting behaviour of Black-billed Magpies, "Pica pica", in Edmonton, Alberta, Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 519-525.] In Canada they arrive at the roosting site earlier in the evening and leave later in the morning on colder winter days. [Reebs, S.G., 1986, Influence of temperature and other factors on the daily roosting times of black-billed magpies, Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1614-1619.] At the roosting site they tend to occupy trees singly; they do not huddle. They sleep with the bill tucked under the scapular and back feathers, adopting this position sooner on colder nights. [Reebs, S.G., 1986, Sleeping behavior of Black-billed Magpies under a wide range of temperatures, Condor 88: 524-526.] During the night they may also regurgitate, in the form of pellets, the undigested parts of what they ate during the day. Such pellets can be found on the ground and then used to determine at least part of the birds' diet. [Reebs, S.G., and Boag, D.A., 1987, Regurgitated pellets and late winter diet of Black-billed Magpies, "Pica pica", in central Alberta, Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 108-110.]

Relationship with humans

When Lewis and Clark first encountered magpies in 1804 in South Dakota, they reported the birds as being very bold, entering tents or taking food from the hand. [Ryser, F.A., 1985, Birds of the Great Basin, University of Nevada Press, Reno.] Today black-billed magpies remain relatively tame in areas where they are not persecuted. But they become very wary in areas where they are often shot at or disturbed. Especially during the first half of the 20th century, black-billed magpies were considered detrimental to game-bird populations (they sometimes steal bird eggs) and domestic stock (they may sometimes peck at sores on cattle), and were systematically trapped or shot. Bounties of one cent per egg or two cents per head were offered in many states. In Idaho the death toll eventually amounted to an estimated 150,000. In 1933, 1,033 magpies were shot in Washington’s Okanogan valley by two teams of bounty hunters. Many magpies also died from eating poison set out for coyotes and other predators.

If regularly disturbed at the nest, magpie pairs will eventually either move the eggs or abandon the clutch altogether. But in the first instance they will defend the nest aggressively. Interestingly, biologists who have climbed nest trees to measure magpie eggs have reported that the parents recognized them on subsequent days and started to mob them. [Trost, C.H., 1999, Black-billed Magpie ("Pica pica"). "In" The Birds of North America, No. 389 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.]

References

*IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=51136|title=Pica pica|downloaded=12 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

*Birkhead, T.R., 1991, "The Magpies: The ecology and behaviour of black-billed and yellow-billed magpies, T & A D Poyser", London. ISBN 0-85661-067-4

* Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary, 1994, "Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world", A&C Black, London. ISBN 0-7136-3999-7

* http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/magpies.htm Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Living with Wildlife; Facts about Magpies

* Trost, C.H., 1999, Black-billed Magpie ("Pica pica"). "In" The Birds of North America, No. 389 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

External links

* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i4750id.html Black-billed Magpie - Pica pica] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-billed_Magpie.html Black-billed Magpie Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/black_billed_magpie_info.htm Black-billed Magpie Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=black-billed+magpie&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Black-billed Magpie photo gallery] VIREO