- Pinhas Rutenberg
Infobox Person
name=Pinhas Rutenberg
caption=
birth_date=birth date|1879|2|5|mf=y
birth_place=Romny , north ofPoltava ,Ukraine
death_date=death date and age|1942|1|3|1879|2|5|mf=y
death_place=Jerusalem ,Israel Pinhas Rutenberg (
February 5 1879 —January 3 1942 ; _ru. Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг, Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg; _he. פנחס רוטנברג) was a prominent engineer and a businessman, a Russiansocialist and a Zionist leader. He played an active role in two Russian revolutions, in 1905 and 1917. DuringWorld War I , he was among the founders of theJewish Legion and of the American Jewish Congress. Later, in theBritish Mandate of Palestine , he had obtained an exclusive concession for production and distribution of electric power and founded the Palestine Electric Company, currently theIsrael Electric Corporation . Rutenberg also participated in establishing theHagana , a nucleus of the futureIsrael Defense Forces , and served as a President of the Jewish National Council.Socialist and revolutionary
Pinhas Rutenberg was born in the town of
Romny , north ofPoltava , inUkraine . After graduating from a practical high school, he enrolled to the Technology Institute inSaint Petersburg and joined theSocialist-Revolutionary Party (also known as the S.R. or Eser party). He worked as a workshop manager at thePutilov plant , the largest Petersburg industry. The plant was a center of theAssembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers , founded by a popularworking class leader, FatherGeorge Gapon in 1903. Gapon collaborated in secret with the Police Department (theOkhrana ), which believed this is the way to control the workers movement. Rutenberg became Gapon’s friend, which made him a noticeable figure in the S.R. party.On Sunday,
January 9 ,1905 (Old Style date) Gapon organized a "peaceful workers’ procession" to theWinter Palace in order to present a petition to theTzar . Rutenberg participated, by his party's approval. In a tragic turn of events, army pickets fired directly into the crowd, and hundreds were killed. Amid the panic, Rutenberg retained self-control and actually saved Gapon’s life, taking him away from gun fire. This incident, known as theBloody Sunday (1905) , sparked the firstRussian Revolution of 1905 .Gapon and Rutenberg fled abroad, being welcomed in Europe both by prominent Russian emigrants
Georgy Plekhanov ,Vladimir Lenin ,Pyotr Kropotkin , and French socialist leadersJean Jaurès andGeorges Clemenceau . Before the end of 1905, Rutenberg returned to Russia, and Gapon followed him. Gapon soon revealed to Rutenberg his contacts with the police and tried to recruit him, too, reasoning that double loyalty is helpful to the workers’ cause. However, Rutenberg reported this provocation to his party leaders,Yevno Azef andBoris Savinkov . Azef demanded that the traitor be put to death. Ironically, he was in fact anagent provocateur himself, exposed byVladimir Burtsev in 1908. OnMarch 26 ,1906 Gapon arrived to meet Rutenberg in the rented cottage out of St. Petersburg, and after a month he was found there hanged. Rutenberg asserted later that Gapon was condemned by comrades’ court. Actually, three S.R. party combatants overheard their conversation from the next room. After Gapon had repeated his collaboration proposal, Rutenberg called the comrades into the room and left. When he returned, Gapon was dead.However, the S.R. party leadership refused to assume the responsibility, announcing that the execution was undertaken by Rutenberg individually and the cause was a personal one.
Turn to Zionism
Forced to emigrate, Rutenberg settled in Italy. Away from politics, he concentrated on hydraulic engineering. Pondering on specific
Jew ish problems, he became convinced that the solution was to establish the national home for the Jewish people.After
World War I broke out, the Zionist movement mainly supported the Entente Powers. Rutenberg set the goal to create a Jewish armed force to fight for theLand of Israel . He visited European capitals, met prominent politicians and Zionist leaders, and finally joined the efforts ofJabotinsky and Trumpeldor to set up theJewish Legion . In May 1915, on Jabotinsky’s approval, Rutenberg travelled to theUnited States to promote this idea among the American Jewry.He found strong support among Jewish organizations of
New York City . Rutenberg endorsed the labour party (Poalei Zion) and cooperated withDavid Ben-Gurion ,Itzhak Ben-Zvi , andBer Borochov . Together withHaim Zhitlovsky , he founded the American Jewish Congress. At the same time, Rutenberg published his book "The National Revival of the Jewish People" under thepseudonym Pinhas Ben-Ami (in Hebrew: my people’s son).While in the US, Rutenberg managed to complete detailed design of utilizing the Land of Israel's hydraulic resources for
irrigation and electrical power production, which was his long-time dream.Anti-Bolshevik
Rutenberg greeted the Russian
February Revolution of 1917, and in July 1917 he returned to Petrograd, welcomed by the prime minister of theRussian Provisional Government ,Alexander Kerensky , also the S.R party member. Despite 12 years of absence in Russia, Rutenberg was soon named the vice-president of Petrograd municipality, the localDuma .In a couple of months,
Petrograd Soviet , headed byLeon Trotsky , became an alternative power in the capital, hostile with the Duma. It was clear that the Soviets were planning to overthrow the government. On November 3, Rutenberg became a member of the emergency Supreme Council, created by Kerensky to preserve the order and the justice. During the assault of theWinter Palace on November 7, the night of theOctober Revolution , Rutenberg defended the government residence after Kerensky had escaped. When theBolshevik s prevailed, he was arrested and put to jail, together with the "capitalist ministers".In March 1918, when German troops approached Petrograd, the Bolsheviks released Rutenberg, among many other prisoners. He moved to Moscow, the new capital, and took a position in the
cooperative movement. However, after the unsuccessful attempt upon Lenin's life byFanny Kaplan in August 1918, the "Red Terror " againstEsers was launched. Rutenberg escaped from Moscow and soon left Russia forever.In the Land of Israel
In 1919, Rutenberg appeared in
Paris and joined other Zionist leaders, preparing propositions for the Treaty of Versailles. Promoting the electrification plan, he received financial support from BaronEdmond James de Rothschild and his son James A. de Rothschild and, finally, settled in the Land of Israel to realize it.However, his first contribution after arrival was establishing, together with Jabotinsky, the Jewish self-defense militia, the
Haganah . Rutenberg was the chief officer of these troops in Tel Aviv during the Arab hostilities in 1921.He participated in the demarcation of the
British Mandate of Palestine 's northern border, defining British and French areas of interest.In 1923, Rutenberg founded the Palestine Electric Company, Ltd. (later, the Israel Electric Corporation, Ltd.) Following initial difficulties in launching the project, he sought and received support from then Colonial Secretary
Winston Churchill . [cite news|title=The Seventh Dominion?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737478,00.html|publisher=Time magazine |date=1929-03-04|accessdate=2007-05-24] Rutenberg invited influential British politics, LordHerbert Samuel and Lord Reading, as well as Hugo Hirst, the Director ofThe General Electric Company , to be members of his Corporation Council.The formidable achievement of Rutenberg was the hydroelectric power station at Naharayim on the
Jordan River , which opened in 1930, and earned him the nickname "The Old Man of Naharayim". [cite web|title=The Power Plant on Two Rivers|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/5/The%20Power%20Plant%20on%20Two%20Rivers|publisher=Israel Minisrty of Foreign Affairs|first=Shmuel|last=Avitzur|accessdate=2007-05-12] Other power plants were built in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Tiberias which supplied all of Palestine. [cite news|title=Zion, Ten Years After|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743439-1,00.html|publisher=Time magazine |date=1932-04-04|accessdate=2007-05-12] Jerusalem was the only part of theBritish Mandate of Palestine not supplied by Rutenberg's plants. The concession for Jerusalem was granted by theOttoman Empire to Greek Euripides Mavromatis. After Palestine was conquered by British forces, Mavromatis resisted Palestine Electric Company's attempts of building a power station that would serve Jerusalem. Only in 1942, when his British-Jerusalem Electric Corporation failed to supply the demands of the city, the Mandatory government asked Palestine Electric Company to take over the responsibility for supplying electricity to Jerusalem. [cite news|title=An electrifying story|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=386472|publisher=Haaretz |last=Naor|first=Mordechai|date=2004-01-25|accessdate=2007-05-12]Rutenberg died in 1942 in
Jerusalem . A large modern power station nearAshkelon is named after him.References
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