Sensibility

Sensibility refers to an acute perception of or responsiveness toward something, such as the emotions of another. This concept emerged in eighteenth-century Britain, and was closely associated with studies of sense perception as the means through which knowledge is gathered. It also became associated with sentimental moral philosophy.

One of the first of such texts would be John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690), where he says, "I conceive that Ideas in the Understanding, are coeval with Sensation; which is such an Impression or Motion, made in some part of the Body, as makes it be taken notice of in the Understanding." [J. Locke, An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding (London, 1690), p. 44.] George Cheyne and other medical writers wrote of "The English Malady," also called "hysteria" in women or "hypochondria" in men, a condition with symptoms that closely resemble the modern diagnosis of clinical depression. Cheyne considered this malady to be the result of over-taxed nerves. At the same time, theorists asserted that individuals who had ultra-sensitive nerves would have keener senses, and thus be more aware of beauty and moral truth. Thus, while it was considered a physical and/or emotional fragility, sensibility was also widely perceived as a virtue.

Originating in philosophical and scientific writings, sensibility became an English-language literary movement, particularly in the then-new genre of the novel. Such works, called sentimental novels, featured individuals who were prone to sensibility, often weeping, fainting, feeling weak, or having fits in reaction to an emotionally moving experience. If one were especially sensible, one might react this way to scenes or objects that appear insignificant to others. This reactivity was considered an indication of a sensible person's ability to perceive something intellectually or emotionally stirring in the world around them. However, the popular sentimental genre soon met with a strong backlash, as anti-sensibility readers and writers contended that such extreme behavior was mere histrionics, and such an emphasis on one's own feelings and reactions a sign of narcissism. Samuel Johnson, in his portrait of Miss Gentle, articulated this criticism:

She daily exercises her benevolence by pitying every misfortune that happens to every family within her circle of notice; she is in hourly terrors lest one should catch cold in the rain, and another be frighted by the high wind. Her charity she shews by lamenting that so many poor wretches should languish in the streets, and by wondering what the great can think on that they do so little good with such large estates. [Johnson, Samuel. "The Idler", No. 100.]

Objections to sensibility emerged on other fronts. For one, some conservative thinkers believed in "a priori" concepts, that is, knowledge that exists independent of experience, such as innate knowledge believed to be imparted by God. Theorists of the "a priori" distrusted sensibility because of its over-reliance on experience for knowledge. Also, in the last decades of the eighteenth century, anti-sensibility thinkers often associated the emotional volatility of sensibility with the exuberant violence of the French Revolution, and in response to fears of revolution coming to Britain, sensible figures were coded as anti-patriotic or even politically subversive. Maria Edgeworth's "Leonora," for example, depicts the "sensible" Olivia as a villainess who contrives her passions or at least bends them to suit her selfish wants; the text also makes a point to say that Olivia has lived in France and thus adopted "French" manners. In addition, the effusive nature of most sentimental heroes, such as Harley in Henry Mackenzie's "A Man of Feeling," was often decried by literary critics as weak effeminacy, helping to discredit sentimental novels, and to a lesser extent, "all" novels, as unmanly works.

See also

* Sentimentalism
* Sentimental novel

Bibliography

*Barker-Benfield, G.J. "The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain". Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

*Brissenden, R. F. "Virtue in Distress: Studies in the Novel of Sentiment from Richardson to Sade". New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974.

*Crane, R.S. “Suggestions Toward a Genealogy of the ‘Man of Feeling.’” "ELH" 1.3 (1934): 205-230.

*Ellis, Markman. "The Politics of Sensibility: Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

*Ellison, Julie. "Cato’s Tears and the Making of Anglo-American Emotion". Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

*Goring, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century Culture". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

*Jones, Chris. "Radical Sensibility: Literature and ideas in the 1790s". London: Routledge, 1993.

*McGann, Jerome. "The Poetics of Sensibility: a Revolution in Literary Style". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

*Mullan, John. "Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

*Nagle, Christopher. "Sexuality and the Culture of Sensibility in the British Romantic Era". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

*Pinch, Adela. "Strange Fits of Passion: Epistemologies of Emotion, Hume to Austen". Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

*Rousseau, G.S. “Nerves, Spirits, and Fibres: Towards Defining the Origins of Sensibility.” "Studies in the Eighteenth Century" 3: Papers Presented at the Third David Nichol Smith Memorial Seminar, Canberra 1973. Ed. R.F. Brissenden and J.C. Eade. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976.

*Todd, Janet. "Sensibility: An introduction". London: Methuen, 1986.

*Tompkins, Jane. "Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction 1790-1860". New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

*Van Sant, Ann Jessie. "Eighteenth-Century Sensibility and the Novel: The senses in social context". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

References