Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Duke Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( _de. Ernst der Bekenner) 27 June 1497, Uelzen – 11 January 1546), also frequently called Ernest the Confessor, was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a champion of the protestant cause during the early years of the Protestant Reformation. He ruled the Lüneburg-Celle subdivision of the Welf family's Brunswick-Lüneburg duchy from 1520 until his death.

He was the son of Henry I, Duke of Lüneburg, and Margarete of Saxony, the daughter of Ernest, Elector of Saxony.

Life

In 1512 he was sent to the court of his mother's brother at Wittenberg, the Wettin elector Frederick III, Elector of Saxony ("Frederick the Wise"), and received instruction there from Georg Spalatin in the University of Wittenberg; he remained at Wittenberg through the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. In 1520 his father, Henry was banned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and abdicated the same year giving the government of the duchy over to his two sons, Otto and Ernest.

By the retirement of Otto in 1527 Ernest became sole ruler. The condition of his domain was not prosperous. Political considerations doubtless furthered the introduction of the Reformation; amongst the commoners it offered opportunity to restrict the privileges of the nobles and the clergy and from the nobles point of view, the chance to increase the revenues from church and monastery property. The forerunner of the Reformation in Lüneburg was a certain Wolf Cyclop, a physician from Zwickau, who was not free from the Zwickau enthusiasm. Saner men followed him, such as Gottschalk Cruse, Heinrich Bock, sad Matthäus Mylow.

Ernest was inclined to move slowly, but in 1525 the Peasants' War gave him occasion to call upon the monasteries for lists of their property and to require them to admit Protestant preachers; he promised the elector of Saxony to stand by the Protestant cause. After an attempt of the Roman Catholic party to reinstate his father in 1527 had failed, his course became more decided.

In July, 1527, the first book of discipline was adopted, drawn up by the preachers of Celle. At a diet in August of the same year it was ordered that "God's pure word should be preached everywhere without additions made by men." Between 1527 and 1530 Lutheran preachers were introduced in most parishes, and into the monasteries, not in all cases without compulsion. Ernest went to Augsburg in 1530 and signed the Confession. He brought back Urbanus Rhegius, who worked for the spread of the Reformation (after 1541 as superintendent) and introduced it into the city of Lüneburg. The largest and richest monastery in the land, St. Michael's in Lüneburg, accepted the new order after the death of Abbot Boldewin in 1532. Rhegius died in 1541 and was succeeded by Martin Ondermark, who completed the former's work.

In general it may be said that the preachers were well disposed to the reformed religion, while the people held to the old and only gradually adapted themselves to the new. During the Schmalkald War the land remained true to the Gospel. After 1530 Ernest was the most influential prince of North Germany. He sent Rhegius to Hanover when the Reformation there threatened to become revolution and restored order. In the cities of Westphalia he strengthened the Protestant party against both the Roman Catholics and the enthusiasts, although his efforts were vain in Münster. His influence was also felt in Pomerania and Mecklenburg, in Hoya, and in East Friesland.

His most effective work probably was accomplished by his restless activity for the Schmalkald League. He induced the North German cities, Hamburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Göttingen, and others to join, and he often became the successful mediator when a rupture was threatened between the overcautious elector of Saxony and the headstrong Philip of Hesse. While Ernest sometimes used harsh measures to accomplish his will, and was actuated by a desire to exalt his position as ruler as well as by higher motives, yet, on the whole, he was faithful to his motto, "aliis inseruiendo corcsumor".

His four sons at his death were still minors, but the Protestant Church of Lüneburg was so firmly established that it could survive the regency and the unhappy time of the Schmalkald War, and to this day the church life of Lüneburg bears the character impressed upon it by Ernest the Confessor.

Ancestry

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1= 1. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2= 2. Henry I, Duke of Lüneburg
3= 3. Margarete of Saxony
4= 4. Otto II, Duke of Brünswick-Lüneburg
5= 5. Anna, Countess of Nassau-Dillenburg
6= 6. Ernest, Elector of Saxony
7= 7. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich
8= 8. Frederick II, Duke of Brünswick-Lüneburg
9= 9. Magdalene of Brandenburg
10= 10. John IV, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
11= 11. Maria van Loen-Heinsberg
12= 12. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
13= 13. Margarete of Austria-Styria
14= 14. Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich
15= 15. Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck
16= 16. Bernhard I, Duke of Brünswick-Lüneburg
17= 17. Margaret of Saxony
18= 18. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
19= 19. Elisabeth, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut
20= 20. Engelbert I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
21= 21. Johanna of Wassenaer
22= 22. John II, Count of Loen and Heinsberg
23= 23. Anna of Solms-Braunfels
24= 24. Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
25= 25. Catherine of Brunswick
26= 26. Ernest, Duke of Austria
27= 27. Cymburgis of Masovia
28= 28. Ernest, Duke of Bavaria-Munich
29= 29. Elisabetta Visconti
30= 30. Erich I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
31= 31. Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen

Children

Ernest married Sophia, daughter of Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Ursula of Brandenburg, on 2 June 1528 in Schwerin. They had the following children who reached adulthood:

*Francis Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1530-1559)
*Frederick (1532-1553)
*Henry VII, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1533-1598)
*Margaret (1534-1596), married John, Count of Mansfeld See
*William VI, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1535-1592)
*Elizabeth Ursula (1539-1586), married Otto IV, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg-Pinneburg
*Magdalena Sophia (1540-1586), married Arnold, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt
*Sophia (1541-1631), married Poppo XVIII, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen

References

* [http://welfen.de/ErnstBek.htm Ernest at the House of Welf site]
* [http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb006/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0060262) Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 6, p. 260]
*Schaff-Herzog