- Hemudu culture
The Hemudu culture (河姆渡文化) (5000 BC to 4500 BC ["The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective", pp.36] ) was a
Neolithic culture that flourished just south of theHangzhou Bay inJiangnan in modernYuyao ,Zhejiang ,China . The site at Hemudu was discovered in 1973. Hemudu sites were also discovered on the islands ofZhoushan .Material Culture
The Hemudu culture co-existed with the
Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two. Two major floods caused the nearbyYaojiang River to change its course and inundated the soil with salt, forcing the people of Hemudu to abandon its settlements. The Hemudu people lived in long,stilt house s.The Hemudu culture is one of the earliest cultures to cultivate
rice . Most of the artifacts discovered at Hemudu consist of animal bones, exemplified by hoes made of shoulder bones used for cultivating rice.The culture also produced
lacquer wood. The remains of various plants, includingwater caltrop , "Nelumbo nucifera ",acorn s,bean s, "Gorgon euryale " and bottle gourd, were found at Hemudu. The Hemudu people likely domesticatedpig s, water buffalo anddog s. The people at Hemudu also fished and hunted, as evidence by the remains of boneharpoon s and bows and arrowheads. Music instruments, such as bone whistles and wooden drums, were also found at Hemudu.The culture produced a thick, porous
pottery . The distinct pottery was typically black and made withcharcoal powder. Plant and geometric designs were commonly painted onto the pottery; the pottery was sometimes also cord-marked. The culture also produced carvedjade ornaments, carvedivory artifacts and small, clay figurines.Environment
Fossilized amoeboids and pollen suggests Hemudu culture emerged and developed in the middle of the
Holocene Climatic Optimum . A study of a sea-levelhighstand in theNingshao Plain from 7000 – 5000 BP shows that there may have been stabilized lower sea levels at this time followed by, from 5000 to 3900 BP, frequent flooding.ee also
*
List of Neolithic cultures of China
*Liangzhu culture
*Majiabang culture Notes
References
* Allan, Sarah (ed), "The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective", ISBN 0-300-09382-9
* Chang, Kwang-chih. "The Archaeology of Ancient China", ISBN 0-300-03784-8
* Zhu C, Zheng CG, Ma CM, Yang XX, Gao XZ, Wang HM, Shao JH. On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain, east China. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 48 (24): 2672-2683 DEC 2003
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