Information and communication technologies for development

An OLPC class in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Inveneo Computing Station

Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is a general term referring to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The basic hypothesis behind the approach is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society (be this to improve income, education, health, security, or any other aspect of human development). In our times, the most tangible and effective way to improve information and communication flows in a society consists in fostering ICT, ergo ICT4D.

The dominant term used in this field is "ICT4D". Alternatives include ICTD ICT4Dev and development informatics.

ICTD (Information and Communication Technologies and Development) is the application of technological solutions to the problems of the developing world. In theory, it is differentiated from Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). ICT4D focuses on using digital technology to deliver specific development goals (most notably the Millennium Development Goals). ICTD looks much more broadly at use of ICTs in developing countries. This is a difference that is rarely understood or used in practice.^[1]

There is a - somewhat loose - community of researchers that has grown up around the annual ICT4D conferences, the latter of which^[2] took place in London, England. The main feature of this community is its integration of both technical and social science researchers working in the field.

The concept of ICT4D can be interpreted as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but is more typically associated with applications in developing countries. It concerns itself with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied either in the direct sense, wherein their use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or in an indirect sense, wherein the ICTs assist aid organisations or non-governmental organizations or governments or businesses in order to improve general socio-economic conditions.

The field is becoming recognized as an interdisciplinary research area as can be noted by the growing number of conferences, workshops and publications.^[3][4][5] Such research has been spurred on in part by the need for scientifically validated benchmarks and results, which can be used to measure the efficacy of current projects.^[6]

Opportunity

See also: Global digital divide, Digital divide, and Global Internet usage

Graph of Internet users per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by International Telecommunication Union

ICT is central to today's most modern economies. Many international development agencies recognize the importance of ICT4D - for example, the World Bank's GICT section has a dedicated team of approximately 200 staff members working on ICT issues. A global network hub is also promoting innovation and advancement in ICT4D. Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP) is the world's first multi-stakeholder network, bringing together public sector, private sector and civil society organizations with the goal of sharing knowledge and building partnerships in ICT4D.

Developing countries far lag developed nations in computer use and internet access/usage. For example, on average only 1 in 130 people in Africa has a computer^[7] while in North America and Europe 1 in every 2 people have access to the Internet.^[8] 90% of students in Africa have never touched a computer.^[9]

However, local networks can provide significant access to software and information even without utilizing an internet connection, for example through use of the Wikipedia CD Selection or the eGranary Digital Library.

The World Bank runs the Information for Development Program (infoDev), whose Rural ICT Toolkit analyses the costs and possible profits involved in such a venture and shows that there is more potential in developing areas than many might assume.^[10] The potential for profit arises from two sources- resource sharing across large numbers of users (specifically, the publication talks about line sharing, but the principle is the same for, e.g., telecentres at which computing/Internet are shared) and remittances (specifically the publication talks about carriers making money from incoming calls, i.e., from urban to rural areas).

A good example of the impact of ICTs is that of farmers getting better market price information and thus boosting their income.^[11][12] Community ecenter in the Philippines developed a website to promote its local products worldwide.^[13] Another example is the use of mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting to fight political corruption in Burundi.^[14] This is a short video that discusses the impact of ICT4D in our society: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwxWHC7NCs8

History

A telecentre in Gambia

The history of ICT4D can, roughly, be divided into three periods:^[15]

• ICT4D 0.0: mid-1950s to late-1990s. During this period (before the creation of the term "ICT4D"), the focus was on computing / data processing for back-office applications in large government and private sector organizations in developing countries.
• ICT4D 1.0: late-1990s to late-2000s. The combined advent of the Millennium Development Goals and mainstream usage of the Internet in industrialised countries led to a rapid rise in investment in ICT infrastructure and ICT programmes/projects in developing countries. The most typical application was the telecentre, used to bring information on development issues such as health, education, and agricultural extension into poor communities. More latterly, telecentres might also deliver online or partly online government services.
• ICT4D 2.0: late-2000s onwards. There is no clear boundary between phase 1.0 and 2.0 but suggestions of moving to a new phase include the change from the telecentre to the mobile phone as the archetypal application; less concern with e-readiness and more interest in the impact of ICTs on development; and more focus on the poor as producers and innovators with ICTs (as opposed to just consumers of ICT-based information).

Projects

Schoolkids with laptops in Cambodia.

Analyses

ICT4D initiatives and projects may be designed and implemented by international institutions, governments (e.g., e-Mexico initiative), consultants (e.g., Non-Profit Computing, Inc.^[16]), private companies (e.g., Intel's Classmate), non-governmental organizations (e.g., International Institute for Communication and Development), or virtual organizations (e.g., One Laptop per Child). The projects can typically be evaluation research, matching a tool and a problem, exploratory research, or constructive research.^[5]

A 2010 research report from the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre^[17] found "Very few ICT4D activities have proved sustainable... Recent research has stressed the need to shift from a technology-led approach, where the emphasis is on technical innovation towards an approach that emphasises innovative use of already established technology (mobiles, radio, television)."^[18] However, of 27 applications of ICTs for development, E-government, E-learnings and E-health were found to be possible of great success, as well as the strengthening of social networks and boosting of security (particularly of women).

The United Nations Development Center in Bangkok issued a list of over 100 case studies addressing one or more of the following issues:^[19]

• Access and Infrastructure
• Capacity building and Education
• e-Governance and e-Government
• Environment and Agriculture
• Free and Open Source Software
• Gender and ICT
• Health and Medicine
• Policy and Social Analyses
• Technical Innovation for Development

Problems

Bad access roads and lack of power hamper ICT4D Projects in rural areas

Projects which deploy technologies in underdeveloped areas face well-known problems concerning crime, problems of adjustment to the social context, and also possibly infrastructural problems.

In many impoverished regions of the world, legislative and political measures are required to facilitate or enable application of ICTs, especially with respect to monopolistic communications structures and censorship laws.

More research and planning are critical to minimize problems and maximize outcomes in implementation of ICT4D projects. User-centric research for learner-centric design of technology is especially important in rural areas of developing countries, where the major challenge for education of children may be literacy.

The literacy issue is one of the key factors why projects fail in rural areas; as education in literacy sets the foundation for digital and information literacy, proper education and training are needed to make the user at least understand how to manipulate the applications to get the information they need. Constant follow-up with the community is needed to monitor if the project has been successfully implemented and is being used meaningfully.

In the case of India, technological advancement has been more of leapfrogging in nature: the affordability of mobile phones allowed more people to acquire mobile phones before learning to use personal computers and desktops. This unfamiliarity with computers could be seen as problematic as it creates digital divide if technological devices provided are computers; a disconnect between computing technology and people causes difficulty for some of the ICT4D project initiatives to take effect. For instance, in rural parts of India, the Ministry of Education rejected OLPC initiative^[20] due to lack of facilities and trained professionals for computer teaching and maintenance. While closing the gap of digital divide through training teachers so that technology may be used for teaching process is challenging, there is yet another problem of failing to recognize technology as a tool for learning process. Studying how learners and/or students interact with technology is vital for developing and designing technologies for them.

Projects in marginalised rural areas face the most significant hurdles - but since people in marginalised rural areas are at the very bottom of the pyramid, development efforts should make the most difference in this sector. ICTs have the potential to multiply development effects^[21] and are thus also meaningful in the rural arena.^[22]

However, introducing ICTs in these areas is also most costly, as the following barriers exist:^[23]

• Lack of Infrastructure: no electrical power, no running water, bad roads, etc.
• Lack of Health Services: diseases like HIV, TB, malaria are more common.
• Lack of Employment: there are practically no jobs in marginalised rural areas.
• Hunger: hungry users have problems concentrating.
• Illiteracy: Text user interfaces do not work very well, innovative Human Computer Interfaces (see Human Computer Interaction) are required.
• Lack of means to maintain the project: some projects may be left to deteriorate in time because maintenance is sporadic and if a component breaks it is costly to obtain skilled people and parts to make a repair..
• Lack of means to maintain the project due to short-terms grants
• Lack of support from the local government
• Social Contexts: the potential users living in rural marginalised areas often cannot easily see the point of ICTs because of social context and also because of the impediments of hunger, disease and illiteracy.
• Possibility of encouraging brain-drain.^[24]
• Corruption is one of the factors that hampers the implementation of ICT projects in rural areas.
• Training and seminars must be conducted according to a suitable time for farmers, to make sure that their daily routine is not affected.
• Many applications are not user friendly.
• Projects are sometimes not being needs-driven and not relevant to local context.^[24]

Another significant problem can be the selection of software installed on technology^[25] - instructors trained in one set of software (for example Ubuntu^[26]) can be expected to have difficulty in navigating computers donated with different software (for example Windows XP).

A pressing problem is also the misuse of Electronic waste in dangerous ways. Burning technology to obtain the metals inside will release toxic fumes into the air.^[27] (Certification of recyclers to e-Stewards or R2 Solutions standards is intended to preclude environmental pollution.)

Finally, while the training, support, hardware and software may all be donated, it is rare for another vital component of technology, Internet access, to be made available at a discounted rate. "In about half the countries in Africa, one year of [dial-up] Internet supply will cost more than the average annual income."^[28][29]

Jurisdictional issues

One of the main challenges in overcoming the digital divide is to widen the influence of the respective policies from those carried out by just the telecommunications authority to the entire public sector. While most of the national digital agendas are led by national telecommunications authorities, such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and NTIA, the case of Chile shows that the funds managed by the telecom authority represent less than 5% of the total funds spent by the overall government on ICT-related policies and projects (spread out over 22 governmental departments), such as carried out the national health department, the education ministry or the finance department.^[30][30] The funds available for ICT4D throughout the public sector are a large multiple of those spent by technology and infrastructure authorities alone.

Countries and international organizations usually do not know which agency manages which kinds of ICT-funds, and do not often make an effort to track these resources. Since ICT for development is about more than providing mere access to technologies, the logical conclusion should be to coordinate the funds and projects implemented by telecommunications and technologies authorities with those managed by the health, education, finance and defense authorities.

The first task in coordinating usually consists of taking inventory of the funds available to the entire public sector. This is generally not done and not even the actors and decision makers have a coherent picture about what is done. Double efforts / lack of synergies are the common result.^[30]

Lessons learned

International Institute for Communication and Development video

Crucial in making any ICT4D effort successful is effective partnership between four key stakeholders:

• Public sector (governments - from developed nations, developing nations, international bodies, and local governments)
• Private sector (companies belonging to members of the target audience, multi-national organizations wishing to expand their markets to the 4 billion people under US$2/day, pro-poor or social companies)
• Informal sector (NGOs, advocacy groups, think tanks)
• Representation from the target audience

InfoDev has published 6 lessons from an analysis of 17 their pilot programmes (see below). These lessons are backed by a variety of examples as well as a list of recommendations:^[31]

• Lesson 1: Involve target groups in project design and monitoring.
• Lesson 2: When choosing the technology for a poverty intervention project, pay particular attention to infrastructure requirements, local availability, training requirements, and technical challenges. Simpler technology often produces better results.
• Lesson 3: Existing technologies—particularly the telephone, radio, and television—can often convey information less expensively, in local languages, and to larger numbers of people than can newer technologies. In some cases, the former can enhance the capacity of the latter.
• Lesson 4: ICT projects that reach out to rural areas might contribute more to the MDGs than projects based in urban areas.
• Lesson 5: Financial sustainability is a challenge for ICT-for-development initiatives.
• Lesson 6: Projects that focus on ICT training should include a job placement component.

Sustainability and scalability

A Geekcorps volunteer setting up a Wi-Fi antenna in Mali

Currently, the main two perspectives coming out of this sector are to emphasize the need for external aid to build infrastructure so that projects can reach viability, and the need to develop and build on local talent.

A growing perspective in the field is also the need to build projects that are sustainable and scalable, rather than focusing on those which must be propped up by huge amounts of external funding and cannot survive for long without it. Sustaining the project's scalability is a huge challenge of ICT for development; how the target user will continue using the platform. ICT4D is not a one-shot implementation but rather it is a complex process to be undertaken continuously, and the progress of each project evolves around the local education for, and adaptability of, the technology

Also, a number of developing countries have proven their skills in IT (information technology). Using these skills to build on ICT4D projects will tap local potential and a key indigenous partner in the growth of this sector will be gained. The balance of trade for these nations due to imports in both hardware and software might be an additional consideration.

Criticisms and Challenges

Satellite Internet access via VSAT is a common form of connectivity in developing countries (Ghana, Ecamic project pictured)^[32]

As it has grown in popularity, especially in the international development sector, ICT4D has also come under criticism.

Questions have been raised about whether projects that have been implemented at enormous cost are actually designed to be scalable, or whether these projects make enough of an impact to produce noticeable change.^[33][34] For example, in Sri Lanka journalist Nalaka Gunawardene argued that thousands of pilot projects had been seeded without regard to generalisability, scalability, and sustainability, implying that these projects will always require external funding to continue running and that their impact is limited.^[35] This sentiment echoes a 2003 report by the World Bank.^[6]

Further criticism of ICT4D concerns the impact of ICTs on traditional cultures and the so-called cultural imperialism which might be spread with ICTs. It is emphasised that local language content and software seem to be good ways to help soften the impact of ICTs in developing areas.^[36]

Many fear of the potential of ICT to seriously widen the Digital Divide and the gap between people with access to the information economy and those without such access. This issue was brought to the forefront of the international agenda and was heavily discussed in some major international political meetings such as the G8 meeting in Okinawa, Japan last July, 2000.^[37] Anriette Esterhuysen, an advocate for ICT4D and human rights in South Africa,^[38] pointed out that some ICT4D projects often give more emphasis to how ICT can help its beneficiaries economically rather than helping them create a society where social justice and equal rights prevail. She believes that sustainable development can only be achieved if there are human rights and people can speak freely.^[39]

Another point of criticism against ICT4D is that its projects are in the long term seldom environmentally friendly. Beneficiary communities are often given the responsibility to dispose of the toxic electronic scrap when an equipment breaks down beyond repair. Since transporting the equipment to a recycling facility is costly; the equipment is often disposed of improperly, thus contributing to the pollution of the environment.

Elements of Successful ICT4D Projects in Africa

These are elements that P. Clint Rogers PhD had observed in successful ICT4D Projects in Africa^[40]:

• Augment existing economic activity, focus on the strong point and make it even better.

• Increase relevance by involving the end user from the very beginning of the project.

• Build on existing infrastructure (e.g. radio, TV, mobile phones), and/or let the end user see how simple the infrastructure is.

• Think what can an African community has to offer to others, and not what others can offer to an African community.

Ulwazi: Sharing Digital Knowledge

Ulwazi is an example of a successful ICT4D Project in Africa that is run by the eThekwini Public Library in Durban, South Africa. The project uses Web 2.0 technology to enable collaborative building of a database of indigenous knowledge from local communities in the greater Durban area.^[41] In this project English is used alongside Zulu, the local vernacular, in an attempt to preserve and disseminate local history, culture and language. The ultimate goal of the Ulwazi project is that a "sustainable people-centred, Afro-centric library service will be established using modern ICT technologies".^[42] This is an example of an ICT4D project that facilitates knowledge sharing, collaboration and the preservation of cultural heritage. In their article "Content development in an indigenous digital library: A case study in community participation" Elizabeth Greyling and Sipho Zulu noted some of the benefits of the Ulwazi project to the community ^[43]:

• Digital content with relevance to local communities becomes available on the internet.

• ICT skills are transferred to local communities.

• Local communities re-connect with their cultural heritage.

• African public libraries gain a foothold in the international information society of the 21st century.

Technology

See also: Computer technology for developing areas and List of ICT4D organizations

ICT4D projects typically try to employ low-cost, low-powered technology that can be sustainable in developing environment. The challenge is large, since it is estimated that 40 % of the world's population has less than US$ 20 per year available to spend on ICT. In Brazil, the poorest 20% of the population counts with merely US$9 per year to spend on ICT (US$ 0.75 per month).^[44]

From Latin America it is known that the borderline between ICT as a necessity good and ICT as a luxury good is roughly around the “magical number” of US$10 per person per month, or US$120 per year.^[44] This is the cost ICT people seem to strive for and therefore is generally accepted as a minimum. In light of this reality, telecentre, desktop virtualization and multiseat configurations currently seem the most simple and common paths to affordable computing.

ICT4D projects need to be properly monitored and implemented, as the system's design and user interface should be suitable to the target users. ICT4D projects installed without proper coordination with its beneficiary community have a tendency to fall short of the main objectives. For example, in the usage of ICT4D projects in those farming sectors where a majority of the population are considered to be technologically illiterate, projects lie idle and sometimes get damaged or allowed to become obsolete.

Further, there should be a line of communication between the project coordinator and the user for immediate response to the query of, or the difficulty encountered by, the user. Addressing properly the problem will help encourage the user via interactivity and participation.

http://go.worldbank.org/8J9TN7YPT0 ICT-Enabled Innovations for Sustainable Development and Transformation

Peer to peer dialogs facilitated by Cisco’s groundbreaking Telepresence technology is now being used connecting 10 centers around the world, to discuss the best practices on the use of ICT in urban service delivery.

Also another innovation is a standard suite of city indicators that enabled mayors & citizens to monitor the performance of their city with others, this is important to have consistent & comparable city-level data.

The Open Risk Data Initiative (OpenRDI) aims to encourage and facilitate countries to open their climate and disaster risk data to enable more effective decision-making by providing the rationale, technical assistance, and tools for data sharing.

Artificial Intelligence for Development

Insightful applications of machine learning, reasoning, planning, and perception have the potential to bring great value to disadvantaged populations in a wide array of areas, including healthcare, education, transportation, agriculture, and commerce. As an example, learning and reasoning can extend medical care to remote regions through automated diagnosis and effective triaging of limited medical expertise and transportation resources. Machine intelligence may one day assist with detecting, monitoring, and responding to natural, epidemiological, or political disruptions. Methods developed within the artificial intelligence community may even help to unearth causal influences within large-scale programs, so we can better understand how to design more effective health and education systems. And ideas and tools created at the intersection of artificial intelligence and electronic commerce may provide new directions for enhancing and extending novel economic concepts like micro-finance and micro-work.

Machine learning holds particular promise for helping populations in developing regions. Unprecedented quantities of data are being generated in the developing world on human health, commerce, communications, and migration. Automated learning methods developed within the AI community can help to tease out insights from this data on the nature and dynamics of social relationships, financial connections and transactions, patterns of human mobility, the dissemination of disease, and such urgent challenges as the needs of populations in the face of crises. Models and systems that leverage such data might one day guide public policy, shape the construction of responses to crises, and help to formulate effective long-term interventions.

Machine intelligence has been pursued before in projects within the broader Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT-D) community. These and other ICT-D efforts have already led to valuable ideas, insights, and systems. AI-D^[45] stimulates a larger focus on opportunities to harness machine learning, reasoning, and perception to enhance the quality of life within disadvantaged populations.

Mobile Telephony

Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants growth in developed and developing world between 1997 and 2007

The use of mobile phones as part of ICT4D initiatives has proven to be a success as the rapid distribution of mobile telephony has made it possible for poor people to have easy access to useful and interactive information.^[46] For instance, in India the total number of mobile phone subscriptions reached 851.70 million in June 2011 among which 289.57 million came from rural areas with higher percentage of increase than urban.^[47] The unexpected growth of affordability and coverage of mobile telephony services has increased its importance not just as a means of two way communication but that of ease-of-access to information as well.

Mobile phones are now also capable of so much more than the exchange of information between two people through calling or text messaging. Advanced models of mobile phones could also take photos, record video, receive radio frequencies to tune in to local AM/FM stations, share and receive multimedia and even connect to the Internet and almost all of the features that come with being connected onto the World Wide Web. All these features makes up for an even better device to aid in ICT4D projects.

According to a study conducted in Tanzania,^[48] the use of mobile phones has impacted rural living in various ways which include:

• Entrepreneurship and Job Search

Mobile phones reduce the cost of running a business and, in some cases, the technology could even enable a user to start one. A good example of this would be the case of the many women in Pakistan who have been able to start small businesses offering beauty and hairdressing services, without having to shell out money for setting up a beauty salons. Clients could easily contact them via their mobile numbers to set up an appointment and enjoy their services.

• Easy Access to Information

Mobile phones enables users to access valuable information such as prices, arbitrage and market or trade opportunities which could better prepare them for future business transactions. Mobile telephony has empowered farmers and fishermen to realize their potential as businesspeople as they directly engage in bargaining processes with their customers. On the buyer's side of the spectrum, buyers could also use their mobile phones to find out where the best quality and well-price products are in the market.

• Market Inefficiencies

The use of mobile phones can also correct market inefficiencies therefore, regaining the balance in the supply market. The information and services that could be available through mobile phones would prevent exploitation by middlemen or traders, provide employment opportunities (particularly for rural women), reduce information gaps, save cost and time, and strengthen access of service providers to rural people. Community-relevant information regarding education, emergency, situations, markets, weather, etc. could also be shared to empower women economically.

• Transport Substitution

The improvement in the information flows between the buyers and sellers make for a more effective bartering of information without traveling. This is particularly significant in rural areas where traders need to travel to urban areas simply to check for demand and negotiate prices. Mobile phones eliminate the need for middle men and journeys as traders could make sure that demand for their products exists even before leaving their rural homes.

• Disaster Relief

In cases of severe drought, floods, wars or weak economies, mobile phones could be used not just for enhancing business opportunities but also in keeping in touch with one's home community. Mobile operators have also proven to be incredibly helpful in disaster relief efforts by providing emergency-related communications infrastructure.

• Education and Health

Mobile services are being used to spread locally-generated and locally-relevant educational and health information.

• Social Capital and Social Cohesion

Mobile services enable participants to act together more efficiently to pursue shared objectives by promoting cooperation among social networks.

Esoko

Esoko^[49] is a successful ICT4D initiative which uses mobile phones to give farmers and their businesses the opportunity to share and receive information quickly, affordably and efficiently. Founded in Accra, Ghana by a young and energetic team, the service provides information on prices, trades, transports, contacts, projects and real-time updates on stock, harvests, etc. Esoko believes that being better-informed is a key factor in how markets operate so they try to both push data out to the fields as well as pull data in from the field.

Esoko features a hosted application that is maintained and organized by their own team. This means that farmers need not acquire special software or hardware to gain access to information. They simply need to log onto the Internet or request for the information via SMS from any phone in any country. Over time, as the user sets their own set of networks and contacts on the platform, enabling them to choose the specific applications that could help them the most which they would receive via simple SMS alerts.

Support and training to anyone who wants to better comprehend a sustainable and successful Market Information System are also available.

Notable events

Charging mobile phone from car battery in Uganda

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)

A major event for ICT4D was the twin World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) - lead organisation was the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The first part of WSIS took place in Geneva, Switzerland in December 2003 (with a large ICT4D exhibition and an ICT4D symposium co-ordinated by infoDev). The second part of WSIS took place in Tunis, Tunisia, in November 2005. One of its chief aims of the WSIS process was to seek solutions to help bridge the so-called "digital divide" separating rich countries from poor countries by spreading access to the Internet in the developing world.

Perspectives on the WSIS are available elsewhere on Wikipedia, and this covers links to civil society, Tunis 2005, US priorities at WSIS, media responses, Tunis conference developments, roles for business and government, digital divide issues, the digital divide and the digital dilemma, common ground, a civil society study on WSIS, and external links.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Stocktaking

WSIS Stocktaking is a publicly accessible database of ICT-related implementation activities, initiated during the Tunis phase of WSIS. WSIS Stocktaking Database has become an effective tool for the exchange of information on the projects in relation to the implementation of the 11 Action Lines. Many of entries reflect more than one flagship initiative and project carried out by the WSIS stakeholders. ECOSOC Resolution 2010/2 on “Assessment of the progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society” reiterated the importance of maintaining a process for coordinating the multi-stakeholder implementation of WSIS outcomes through effective tools, with the goal of exchanging of information among WSIS Action Line Facilitators; identification of issues that need improvements; and discussion of the modalities of reporting the overall implementation process. The resolution encourages all WSIS stakeholders to continue to contribute information to the WSIS Stocktaking database (www.wsis.org/stocktaking).

See also

Sustainable development portal

• List of ICT4D organizations
• Low cost computer guide
• Asia Source II Software for NGO technical camp
• Community film
• Development Communication
• Drishtee - a significant project, bringing ICTs to thousands of rural Indians.
• e-Readiness
• Free and Open Source Software projects, which dramatically reduce the cost of getting access to software, and extend skills in software across the globe
• Global digital divide
• ICT in agriculture - a sectoral application of ICT4D
• Information and communication technologies in education
• mHealth
• mLearning
• OneWorld South Asia
• OpenBTS
• Claimer.org

ICT4D (Information and Communications Technologies for Development) is an initiative aimed at bridging the digital divide (the disparity between technological "have" and "have not" geographic locations or demographic groups) and aiding economic development by ensuring equitable access to up-to-date communications technologies. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) include any communication device—encompassing radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.

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25. ^ Computers to Africa scheme criticised (5/1/2003)
26. ^ Students Bring Computers and Wikipedia to Africa (9/17/2010)
27. ^ How Discarded Computers Are Poisoning Africa's Kids (12/7/2009)
28. ^ Internet prices in Africa. A comparative study. (probably 2003)
29. ^ Is Africa in a Digital Quagmire? (11/6/2004)
30. ^ ^{a b c} "The end justifies the definition: The manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making", Martin Hilbert (2011), Telecommunications Policy, 35(8), 715-736; free access to the article can be found here: martinhilbert.net/ManifoldDigitalDivide_Hilbert_AAM.pdf
31. ^ S. Batchelor, S. Evangelista, S.Hearn, M. Pierce, S. Sugden, M. Webb (November 2003). ICT for Development Contributing to the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons Learned from Seventeen infoDev Projects. World Bank. 
32. ^ http://www.iicd.org/articles/logon4d/supporting-ghanaian-farmers-in-the-eastern-corridor
33. ^ Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development" (PDF). Geography Compass 2 (3): 771. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x. 
34. ^ Graham, M. 2011 Time Machines and Virtual Portals: The Spatialities of the Digital Divide, Progress in Development Studies
35. ^ Nalaka Gunawardene Waiting for Pilots to Land in Tunis Islam Online, November 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
36. ^ Anderson, Neil (2005). "Building digital capacities in remote communities within developing countries: Practical applications and ethical issues" (PDF). Information technology, education and society 6 (3). 
37. ^ http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/ICT/ict220.asp
38. ^ http://www.apc.org/en/user/anriette
39. ^ http://ict4d.at/2009/07/09/coop-20-interview-anriette-esterhuysen/
40. ^ http://ict4dconsortium.rhul.ac.uk/elgg/mod/groups/topicposts.php?topic=8878&group_guid=8118
41. ^ http://wiki.ulwazi.org/index.php5?title=Ulwazi:About
42. ^ http://www.ulwazi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=4
43. ^ Greyling, E, Zulu, S (2010) "Content development in an indigenous digital library: A case study in community participation" IFLA Journal, Volume 36, Issue 1 at http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/publications/ifla-journal/ifla-journal-36-1_2010.pdf
44. ^ ^{a b} Martin Hilbert "When is Cheap, Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide? Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America". World Development, Volume 38, issue 5, p. 756-770.
45. ^ http://ai-d.org/index.html
46. ^ Languepin, Olivier. "How mobile phones can help reduce poverty". http://thailand-business-news.com/news/top-stories/26596-how-mobile-phones-can-help-reduce-poverty. 
47. ^ "Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 30th June 2011" (PDF) (Press release). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 8 Aug 2011. http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/835/Press%20Release%20June11.pdf. Retrieved 24 Oct 2011. 
48. ^ Bhavni, Asheeta; Rowena Won-Wai Chiu, Subramaniam Janakiram, Peter Silarszky, Deepak Bhatia (June 15, 2008). The Role of Mobile Phones in Sustainable Rural Poverty Reduction. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/The_Role_of_Mobile_Phones_in_Sustainable_Rural_Poverty_Reduction_June_2008.pdf. 
49. ^ "Esoko". http://www.esoko.com/about/services.htm. 

• Fizz, Robyn; Mansur, Karla (2008-06-04), "Helping MIT neighbors cross the 'digital divide'", MIT Tech Talk (Cambridge: MIT): 3, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/techtalk52-28.pdf 

see also http://www.ernwaca.org/panaf/IMG/pdf/researchers.pdf

Further reading

Wireless Networking in the Developing World (PDF book)

• (PDF) How New Technologies Impact Aid Coordination. Linksbridge. 2011. http://www.linksbridge.com/how-new-technologies-impact-ai/. 

• Berthoud, Olivier (2004) (PDF). Knowledge management, international cooperation and the use of Internet. Bolivia: SDC. http://www.edinter.net/docs/Berthoud_KM_cooperation_Internet_2004.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Haris, Roger W. (2004) (PDF). Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme. p. 75. ISBN 983-3094-01-5. http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-pov.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Unwin, Tim (2009). ICT4D: Information and Communication Technology for Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521712361. 
• Beardon, Hannah (January 2009). Mobiles for Development: How mobile technologies can enhance Plan and partners work in Afrika. Plan. p. 48. http://www.plan.fi/uploads/media/Mobiles_for_Development_-_Plan_2009.pdf. 
• Vital Wave Consulting (February 2009) (PDF). mHealth for Development: The Opportunity of Mobile Technology for Healthcare in the Developing World. United Nations Foundation, Vodafone Foundation. p. 70. http://www.vitalwaveconsulting.com/pdf/mHealth.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• (PDF) Africa: The Impact of Mobile Phones. Vodafone. 2005. p. 71. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.78351.File.tmp/GPP_SIM_paper_3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.  Key findings here [1].
• (PDF) The Impact of Mobile Phones in Africa. Commission for Africa. 2004. p. 18. http://www.commissionforafrica.org/english/report/background/scott_et_al_background.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• (PDF) The Role of Mobile Phones in Sustainable Rural Poverty Reduction. ICT Polici Division, GICT. p. 25. http://www.web4dev.org/images/2/2d/The_Role_of_Mobile_Phones_in_Sustainable_Rural_Poverty_Reduction_June_2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Ahmed T. Rashid, Laurent Elder (2009). Mobile Phones and Development: An Analysis of IDRC-Supported Projects. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. p. 16. http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/529/265. 
• (PDF) Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure (2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425. http://wndw.net/pdf/wndw2-en/wndw2-ebook.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Vital Wave Consulting (December 2008) (PDF). Landscape Analysis of Low-cost Computing Devices. p. 38. http://www.vitalwaveconsulting.com/publications/pdf/Landscape_Analysis_of_Low-cost_Computing_Devices_Dec08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• (PDF) Report on Low-Power PC Research Project. Computer Aid International. 2009. p. 9. http://www.computeraid.org/pdffiles/Report%20on%20Low-Power%20PC%20Research%20Project%20April%202009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Heeks, Richard (April 2009). Emerging markets: IT and the world's "bottom billion". Communications of the ACM. p. 3. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1498765.1498776&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=33035588&CFTOKEN=15363531. 
• Randy Spence, Matthew Smith (April 2009) (PDF). Information and Communication Technologies, Human Development, Growth and Poverty Reduction: A Background Paper. p. 325. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12412058391HF2_Background_Paper_28-04-09.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Erkki Sutinen, Matti Tedre (April 2010) (PDF). ICT4D: A Computer Science Perspective. p. 221. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7j5n6731k616075/?p=4b1e36801fc3478ea9fd2ee59a42f2e3&pi=1. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
• Burrell, Jenna (January 2008) (PDF). Livelihoods and the mobile phone in rural Uganda. Grameen Foundation USA. p. 52. http://www.grameenfoundation.applab.org/uploads/burrell_needs_assessment_final-1.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
• Garside, Ben (April 2009). Village voice: towards inclusive information technologies. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). p. 4. http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=17051IIED. 
• IEG (Independent Evaluation Group) (2011) (PDF). Capturing Technology for Development: An Evaluation of World Bank Group Activities in Information and Communication Technologies. Independent Evaluation Group, The World Bank Group. p. 106. ISBN 9781602441934. http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/content/dam/ieg/ict/ict_evaluation.pdf. 
• Inveneo Solar Power Deployment Guide by Inveneo

External links

• ICT4D and e-Agriculture
• Oxford Internet Institute course on ICT for Development
• Austrian Network for Information and Communication technologies for Development
• UNDP Page for ICT4D case Studies
• ICT4D in Sri Lanka Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) in Sri Lanka
• i4d magazine information 4 development magazine, published from India
• Quick guide: Low-cost computing devices and initiatives for the developing world
• The Ethnos Project - ICT4D advocacy and information resource
• NextLab, MIT project that uses mobile technologies for development
• The Digital Divide, ICT and the 50x15 Initiative

Media

• In Developing Countries, Web Grows Without Profit

Video

• Low-Cost, Low-Power Computing - Mary Lou Jepsen at ETech 2009
• Hello Africa - a documentary about mobile phone culture in Africa