Optometry in Ghana

An optical refractor (phoropter) in use.

General optometry clinic setup

Cataracts in Ghana

Optometry is a relatively new field in eye care in Ghana.

History

Optometry is a new field in the eye care system of Ghana.^{[citation needed]} The Eye Secretariat of Ghana is the Ghana Ministry of Health agency concerned with eye care in the country. Ghana's first optometrist, Dr. Kofivi Monny,^[1] is regarded as a key contributor to the development of optometry there. Monny was trained in Nigeria, and returned to practice optometry after his training. He served as a lecturer when the program began at KNUST up until his retirement.

The first optometry school in Ghana started in the KNUST department of Physics in 1992.^[2] The first class had just five students and were instructed by Monny. It initially offered only postgraduate degrees, soon also offered bachelor's degrees. In 2004, just as the first batch of optometrist with the bachelor's degrees had graduated, they were enrolled for the two year Doctor of Optometry (O.D) program. In 2002, the University of Cape Coast also began a Doctor of Optometry program.^{[citation needed]}

Training

Over eighty percent of Ghanaian optometrists have their training from the KNUST. The 2011 batch who are yet to graduate have fifty-three students and about sixteen students coming from KNUST and UCC department of Optometry respectively. Dr. Dr. Angela O. Amedo, a member of the first batch of Optometrist produced in Ghana, is the Head of Department for Optometry at KNUST. Today, there are about 200 optometrists in Ghana. ^[2]

Newly qualified Optometrists

Currently, the newly graduated optometrists are inducted into the Ghana Optometric Association so they can do their one year internship at any of the Ministry of Health Hospitals or accredited eye clinics throughout the country. After their internship, they are required to write their qualifying exam which upon passing will allow the Optometrist practice without supervision. For a place to qualify to house new Optometrist during their internship, there should be an Optometrist or Ophthalmologist working at the facility. Some of the places where new Optometrist work in Ghana are:

• the 37 Military Hospital
• the Regional Hospital Koforidua
• the SAEMA District Hospital, Takoradi
• the Tamale Teaching Hospital
• the Central Regional Hospital, Cape Coast
• the Volta Regional Hospital, Ho
• the Sunyani Regional Hospital
• the Ridge Hospital, Accra
• the Tema General Hospital
• the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi

Ghana Optometric Association

The Ghana Optometric Association (GOA) is the country's governing body for the optometry profession. Since 2009 all optometrists wanting to be members have had to write a professional exam. Successfully passing this exam gives the optometrist the certification to practice in Ghana. As of March 2010, GOA had 139 members.^[3] Today^[when?] the group has about 200 members. In 2010 the body and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology's Faculty of Distance Learning^[4] rolled out a two-year programme to offer all members of GOA who did not have the Doctor of Optometry degree to enroll for it. The aim of the programme is to ensure that by the end of 2012 all optometrists in Ghana will have the O.D degree as is required under the Ministry of Health.

Executives

Five executives lead the GOA. It is headed by Dr Julius Darko as President of GOA. Mr. Asiedu is also a member.

Activities

The GOA has done a lot since its inception. Apart from regulating the activities of optometrists countrywide, it also looks out for the well being of its members in ways such as:

• Organizing continuing education programmes for optometrists
• Advocating for better terms of service from the Ministry of Health
• Partnering international bodies to promote eye care in Ghana

One of the major achievements of GOA was hosting the World Council of Optometry (WCO) General Delegates meeting in Accra from 6 to 10 April 2005. It was the first time the meeting was held in Africa.

The Ghana Optometric Association did so in collaboration with the Africa Council of Optometry with sponsorship from Essilor International. It was attended by about 200 delegates from the council.^[5]

Ministry of Health and Optometrists

The Ministry of Health through its hospitals and health facilities is the main provider of eye care services in the country. Over the years it has taken various initiates to train Optometrist through the various Universities. It is its aim to ensure that there is at least one functioning eye unit in every district of the country. So far the number of facilities is woefully inadequate to serve the needs of those who need such services. The MOH is still doing its best to lift the practice of Optometry in Ghana. At the 2010 induction ceremony for new Optometrist it promised to help regulate the activities of Optometrist more ^[3] The situation would have been far worse if the various eye care facilities of the Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG) where not functioning. Thirty-five percent of Ghana's health service provision is done by CHAG. As and when new district eye centre are created, an Optometrist is posted there to attend to the district's eye care needs. It must be stated that to date, the MOH is the biggest employer of Optometrist in the country and the MOH deems with all seriousness the role they play in helping the save the sight of Ghanaians.

Challenges

Lack of eye care facilities as well as funds has greatly limited the work of optometrists in the country. These constraints force the Ghanaian optometrist to work really hard in order to satisfy the needs of his patients. However, because of the training received most optometrists are able to function once the basic instruments are available. Again, the lack of personnel has led to the rise in quacks who parade as eye doctors and treat all manner of eye conditions.^{[citation needed]} This practice is currently going on and is a major problem in eye care delivery in the country. The continual use of herbal preparation by the populace is also a worrisome thing, since many of these preparations have not be certified for use on the eye.

Service Delivery

As the average Ghanaian becomes more enlightened concerning the eye and its conditions, Optometrists would be required to do more too for their patients. The major concerns that eye patients raise are:

• the long wait periods for them to see the eye doctor. One the average it take about two hours for patients to access eye care services in most MOH hospitals and clinics.
• poor patient education practise from doctor to the patient

With respect to the above most Optometrist the world over are adapting ICT to help the patient better. With respect to the long wait hours, various Electronic Medical Records EMRs are being used. These do away with paper and manual recording of patient data. As such the patient does not need to wait for his or her records before seeing the doctor. EMRs the world over have been shown to reduce doctor-patient interactions by up to three times. Ghanaian Optometrist are now turning to the use of EMRs^[6] to improve their daily work. Those who are using these EMRs bear witness to this fact and are continually advocating for the use of EMRs among their colleagues. One of the EMRs in use in Ghana is the Personal Digital Assistant for Eye Clinics (PDAEC).^[7]

Concerning patient education, various ICT tools are also being used. They include:

• TV based educational tools that play (with vocal renditions in the most widely spoken language within the location of the clinic) whiles patients wait their turn in the waiting area.
• Computer Assisted Patient Educational tools, that serve as a one-on-one tool for the Optometrist during his or her patient education.

The Optometry Bill

There is currently no law regulating the practice of optometry in Ghana. Around 20% of people claiming to be optometrists in Ghana either do not have training in the field or "go beyond their scope of operation".^[8] A draft Optometry Bill has been presented to the cabinet, but is yet to be passed. The bill would give the Ghana Optometric Association the authority to regulate the practice of optometry in Ghana.

References

1. ^ http://www.health.medicbd.com/wiki/Optometry,_KNUST,_Ghana
2. ^ ^{a b} http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/index.php?siteid=optometry
3. ^ ^{a b} http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=179356
4. ^ "KNUST Inaugrates Faculty of Distance Learning - modernghana.com/regional news". Modern Ghana Media Communication Limited. http://www.modernghana.com/news/90811/1/knust-inaugurates-faculty-of-distance-learning.html. Retrieved 2009-10-30. 
5. ^ http://www.modernghana.com/news/74742/1/ghana-to-host-world-optometry-meeting.html
6. ^ http://templecos.blogspot.com/2011/03/ghanaian-optometrist-turn-to-emrs.html
7. ^ http://templecos.blogspot.com/2011/03/optometrist-and-pdaec.html
8. ^ http://www.modernghana.com/news/30714/1/over-20-of-optometrists-are-quack-eye-specialists.html