Obsessive–compulsive spectrum

The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).^[1] The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies.^[1] Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.

Conditions

The following conditions have been hypothesized by various researchers as existing on the spectrum.

• Body dysmorphic disorder^[1][2][3]
• Some forms of delusional disorder^[1]
• Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa,^[1][4] bulimia nervosa^[1][4] and binge eating disorder^[1]
• Hypochondriasis^[1]
• Impulse control disorders in general^[1]
• Olfactory reference syndrome^[5]
• Paraphilias^[1][6]
• Pathological gambling^[7]
• Pica^[8]
• Non-paraphilic sexual addictions^[1]
• Tourette syndrome^[1]
• Trichotillomania^[1][9]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE (October 1994). "Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55 Suppl: 33–51; discussion 52–3. PMID 7961531. 
2. ^ Díaz Mársá M, Carrasco JL, Hollander E (1996). "Body dysmorphic disorder as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder [Body dysmorphic disorder as an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder]" (in Spanish). Actas Luso-españolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines 24 (6): 331–7. PMID 9054204. 
3. ^ Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Pope HG (1995). "Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both?". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56 Suppl 4: 41–51; discussion 52. PMID 7713865. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Bellodi L, Cavallini MC, Bertelli S, Chiapparino D, Riboldi C, Smeraldi E (April 2001). "Morbidity risk for obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders". The American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (4): 563–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.563. PMID 11282689. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11282689. 
5. ^ Stein DJ, Le Roux L, Bouwer C, Van Heerden B (1998). "Is olfactory reference syndrome an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder?: two cases and a discussion". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 10 (1): 96–9. PMID 9547473. 
6. ^ Bradford JM (1999). "The paraphilias, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, and the treatment of sexually deviant behaviour". The Psychiatric Quarterly 70 (3): 209–19. doi:10.1023/A:1022099026059. PMID 10457546. 
7. ^ Blaszczynski A (February 1999). "Pathological gambling and obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders". Psychological Reports 84 (1): 107–13. doi:10.2466/PR0.84.1.107-113. PMID 10203933. 
8. ^ Hergüner S, Ozyildirim I, Tanidir C (December 2008). "Is Pica an eating disorder or an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder?". Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32 (8): 2010–1. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.09.011. PMID 18848964. 
9. ^ Swedo SE, Leonard HL (December 1992). "Trichotillomania. An obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder?". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15 (4): 777–90. PMID 1461795. 

Sources

• Yaryura-Tobias JA, Stevens KP, Pérez-Rivera R, Boullosa OE, Neziroglu F (October 2000). "Negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 1 (4): 197–203. doi:10.3109/15622970009150592. PMID 12607216. 
• Curran S, Matthews K (April 2001). "Response to Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 197-203". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2 (2): 107. doi:10.3109/15622970109027502. PMID 12587194. 
• Yaryura-Tobias JA (October 2001). "Response to Dr. S. Curran and Dr. K. Matthew's Letter to the editor (World J Biol Psychiatry 2001, 2: 107) concerning Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 197-203". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2 (4): 199. doi:10.3109/15622970109026811. PMID 12587151. 

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