Nymphaea thermarum

Nymphaea thermarum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
Order:	Nymphaeales
Family:	Nymphaeaceae
Genus:	Nymphaea
Subgenus:	Brachyceras
Species:	N. thermarum
Binomial name
Nymphaea thermarum Eb.Fisch.

Nymphaea thermarum is the world's smallest water lily. The pads (leaves) of N. thermarum measure only 1 cm (0.39 in) across, less than 10% the width of the next smallest species in the genus Nymphaea. By comparison, the largest water lily has pads that can reach 3 m (9.8 ft). All wild plants were lost due to destruction of its native habitat, but it was saved from extinction when it was grown from seed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 2009.^[1][2]

Taxonomy

N. thermarum was discovered in 1987 by German botanist Eberhard Fischer. The specific epithet, thermarum, refers to the hot spring and temperature that provided its native habitat. There are no common names for the plant, though Kew Gardens is informally calling it "pygmy Rwandan water lily".^[3][4]

Description

N. thermarum forms rosettes 20 to 30 cm (7.9 to 12 in) wide, with bright green lily pads growing on short petioles. The very small flowers are white with yellow stamens, with the flowers held upright a few cm above the plant. They can self-pollinate, and after blooming the flower stalk bends so the fruit contacts the mud.^[3] The sepals are slightly hairy, and as large as the flower's petals. The plant is a tropical day bloomer, opening early in the morning and closing in early afternoon. It is in the Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras, though the leaves are more typical of the subgenus Nymphaea. It apparently does not form tubers. Seeds are large for plants in subgenus Brachyceras.^[2]

History

The plant's native habitat was damp mud formed by the overflow of a freshwater hot spring in Mashyuza, Rwanda. It became extinct in the wild about 2008 when local farmers began using the spring for agriculture. The farmers cut off the flow of the spring, which dried up the tiny area—just a few square meters—that was the lily's entire habitat.^[3] Before becoming extinct, Fischer sent some specimens to Bonn Botanic Gardens when he saw that the plant's habitat was so fragile. The plants were kept alive at the gardens, but botanists couldn't solve the problem of propagating them from seed.^[5]

Botanists were unable to germinate any seeds until Carlos Magdalena, at Kew, discovered the solution—only after he was down to his last 20 seeds. By placing the seeds and seedlings into pots of loam surrounded by water of the same level in a 25°C environment, eight began to flourish and mature within weeks and in November 2009, the waterlilies flowered for the first time.^[6]Nymphaea species typically germinate deep under water. N. thermarum seeds are different, needing CO2 in order to germinate. Once Magdalena understood that difference, he was able to germinate the first seeds. During this time, a rat had eaten one of the last two surviving plants in Germany. With the germination problem solved, Magdalena says that the tiny plants are easy to grow, giving it potential to be grown as a houseplant.^[7]

Notes

1. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (2010-05-18). "Waterlily saved from extinction". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10124250.stm. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Magdalena, Carlos (November, 2009). "The world's tiniest waterlily doesn't grow in water!". Water Gardeners International 4 (4). http://www.watergardenersinternational.org/journal/4-4/carlos/thermarum_gallery1.html. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Magdalena, Carlos. "Nymphaea thermarum". Plants & Fungi. Kew Gardens. http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Nymphaea-thermarum.htm. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
4. ^ Fischer, Eberhard (1993). "Taxonomic results of the BRYOTROP-Expedition to Zaire and Rwanda". Tropical Bryology 8: 13–37. http://tropical-bryology.org/Articles/open/VOL8/fischer.pdf. 
5. ^ McCarthy, Michael (2010-05-19). "Smallest lily saved from extinction". The Independent (independent.co.uk). http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/smallest-lily-saved-from-extinction-1976449.html. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
6. ^ 'Extinct' Waterlily back from the dead, Australian Geographic, May 21, 2010,
7. ^ Smyth, Chris (2010-05-19). "World’s smallest water lily comes from Rwanda to your window sill". Times Online (Times Newspapers Ltd.). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7130157.ece. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 

External links

• Pygmy Rwandan waterlily media at ARKive
• The world's tiniest waterlily doesn't grow in water! by Carlos Magdalena
• Fischer, Eberhard (1993). "Taxonomic results of the BRYOTROP-Expedition to Zaire and Rwanda". Tropical Bryology 8: 13–37. http://tropical-bryology.org/Articles/open/VOL8/fischer.pdf. 
• International Plant Names Index