Hasan Nuhanović

Hasan Nuhanović is a Bosniak survivor of the Srebrenica genocide who campaigns "For truth and justice" on behalf of other survivors and relatives of the victims. Hasan, the former U.N. interpreter for Dutch peacekeepers who were stationed in Srebrenica in 1995, at the end of the Bosnian war, has been battling the Dutch state in civil court for nine years. Finally, in July 2011, he won on appeal against the Dutch Government with court stating the Dutch are to blame for handing over his family members to forces of Ratko Mladic who is currently being tried in Hague.^[1] His entire immediate family - mother, father and brother - were murdered by the Bosnian Serb Army and its allies from Serbia proper, when they were handed over to them by Dutch UN soldiers after seeking refuge in the UN protection force base at Potočari following the fall of the town of Srebrenica in July 1995.^[2] Bosnian investigative journalist Dragan Stanimirović nicknamed him the “Elie Wiesel of Bosnia", in a reference to another activist survivor of genocide.^[3]

Srebrenica

As a U.N. translator/interpreter Hasan Nuhanović worked with the Dutchbat III contingent of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) which was assigned the task of protecting the United Nations "safe area" of Srebrenica in the latter part of the Bosnian war (1992–1995).^[4] When Srebrenica fell to Bosnian Serb Army forces under General Ratko Mladić in July 1995, Nuhanović's family were among 5000-6000 civilian refugees who found shelter on the UN base in Potočari. His father Ibro was one of three representatives of the 30,000 refugees inside and outside the base who took part with Dutch senior officers in supposed "negotiations" with Gen. Mladić.

Following the "negotiations" with Mladić, the Dutch ordered the refugees sheltering inside the base to leave. As an interpreter Hasan Nuhanović was instructed by Dutch colleagues to tell his own family they had to leave the base.^[5] In spite of his pleas on their behalf, his family were not allowed to remain under UN protection and were handed over to their deaths at the hands of the Bosnian Serb Army.^[4][6] as victims of the Srebrenica genocide. Remains of his father Ibro, mother Nasiha and brother Muhamed have been recovered from concealed mass graves. His mother's burned remains were found with those of another six victims under a rubbish heap in the village of Jarovlje, about a mile from the family's pre-war home in Vlasenica. His brother and father had been buried in a primary grave at the Branjevo Farm execution site, near Pilica, before the bodies there were dug up with bulldozers shortly before the Dayton Agreement and taken for reburial in a secondary mass grave, one of the thirteen Cancari grave sites at Kamenica. The remains of all three have now been interred in the cemetery at the at the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial in Potočari.^[2]

Campaigning activities

Since the end of the Bosnian war Hasan Nuhanović has campaigned to establish and publicise the truth about the genocide. He has given evidence at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia at The Hague. He played an important part in establishing the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial at Potočari where the remains of many of the identified victims have been interred. He works closely with other survivors and relatives' organisations, including the Mothers of Srebrenica in Sarajevo and the Women of Srebrenica in Tuzla.

He has written a chronology of the events at Srebrenica, Under the UN Flag,^[7] in which he examines the responsibility and guilt of members of the international community who were either direct participants on the ground or indirectly influenced or were capable of influencing those events but failed to fulfil their commitment to protect the Muslim population of the besieged "safe area" under UN Security Council Resolution 819.^[8]

Legal proceedings against the Dutch State

International humanitarian law defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons (usually meaning civilians). However the relevant treaties do not expressly envisage causes of action for victims in national or international law. Liesbeth Zegveld, a Dutch specialist in international humanitarian law, has drawn attention to their failure expressly to guarantee victims of violations of the law any right to a legal remedy.^[9]

In order to seek redress for the death of their relatives, Hasan Nuhanović and the family of Rizo Mustafić, a UN electrician ordered by his employers to leave the Potočari base, have taken legal action in the Dutch civil courts, where they are represented by Liesbeth Zegveld. The bases of the action include allegations, inter alia, that the Dutch State was involved in genocide and violated fundamental human rights by handing Nuhanović's and the Mustafićs' family members over to the (Bosnian-Serb) enemy.^[10][11]

In its initial hearing of the case the District Court in The Hague found against the claims brought by Hasan Nuhanović and the Mustafić family. The Court ruled that The Netherlands could not be held responsible for the actions of its peacekeepers at Srebrenica because operational "command and control" of the Dutch battalion had been transferred to the United Nations.^{[12][13][14][15][16]} The plaintiffs are appealing the District Court's judgment.^[17]

In a similar civil law action before the District Court members of the Mothers of Srebrenica association are seeking to hold the United Nations itself responsible^[18] for failing to protect their relatives who were among the refugees gathered outside the base and under the protection of UNPROFOR. On 10 July 2008 the Court ruled that the United Nations cannot be sued for failure to protect the victims of genocide at Srebrenica because it enjoys an absolute immunity from liability.^[19] This ruling impedes any alternative claim by Hasan Nuhanović and the Mustafić family against the United Nations until the Mothers of Srebrenica's appeal is heard.^[20] The outcome of the appeal against the District Court decision will be announced on 5 July 2011.

References

1. ^ "Under The UN Flag; The International Community and the Srebrenica Genocide"" by Hasan Nuhanović, pub. DES Sarajevo, 2007, ISBN 978-9958-728-87-7 (Virtual Online Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services catalogue: http://www.cobiss.ba/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=2315525138791328&rec=3&sid=1 http://www.cobiss.ba/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=2315525138791328&rec=4&sid=1)
2. ^ ^{a b} "15 years after the Srebrenica massacre, a survivor buries his family", by Hasan Nuhanovic, Washington Post, 11 July 2010, accessed 23 April 2011
3. ^ "Srebrenica: A Survivor’s Story - Interview With Hasan Nuhanovic". FrontlineWorld. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bosnia502/interviews_hasan.html. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
4. ^ ^{a b} "Srebrenica: A survivor moves on". BBCNews. 2005-07-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4671135.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
5. ^ "Under The UN Flag; The International Community and the Srebrenica Genocide" by Hasan Nuhanović, pub. DES Sarajevo, 2007, ISBN 978-9958-728-87-7, p. 554
6. ^ "Trial of Gen. Krstic, Transcript of proceedings, p.1018 (22.3.2000)". International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krstic/trans/en/000322it.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
7. ^ "Under The UN Flag; The International Community and the Srebrenica Genocide"" by Hasan Nuhanović, pub. DES Sarajevo, 2007, ISBN 978-9958-728-87-7
8. ^ "United Nations Security Council Resolution 819 (1993)". UNHCR - Refworld. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,,MNE,,3b00f2bc28,0.html. Retrieved 2009-08-03. 
9. ^ ""Remedies for victims of violations of international humanitarian law", Liesbeth Zegveld, International Review of the Red Cross No 851, p.497-528, 30-09-2003". International Committee of the Red Cross. http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5srelt?opendocument. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
10. ^ ""District Court hears Srebrenica cases", 16.6.2008". The Hague Justice Portal. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/9/321.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
11. ^ "Decision due on 10.9.2008 at The Hague in first civil court action brought by Srebrenica survivors against Dutch state". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker. http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=1534&stayInsideTree=1&PHPSESSID=f41d51e0b9540c585c0137b06ef985aa. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
12. ^ "Nuhanović v. The Netherlands 10-09-2008 - Hague District Court Judgement, 10.9.2008". The Hague Justice Portal. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/9/758.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
13. ^ "Netherlands 'not responsible' for Srebrenica failures", 10.9.2008". The Hague Justice Portal. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/9/754.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
14. ^ "De Rechtspraak Court Report, "LJN: BF0181, Rechtbank 's-Gravenhage , 265615 / HA ZA 06-1671(english translation)", 10.9.2008". De Rechtspraak. http://zoeken.rechtspraak.nl/resultpage.aspx?snelzoeken=true&searchtype=ljn&ljn=BF0181&u_ljn=BF0181. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
15. ^ "Hague court dismisses Srebrenica case". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. http://static.rnw.nl/migratie/www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/region/netherlands/080910-srebrenica-unprofor-mc-redirected. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
16. ^ "Dutch 'not liable' for Srebrenica". BBCNews. 2008-09-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7608405.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
17. ^ "AOL News, "Dutch court rejects Srebrenica claim", 11.9.2008". AOL News. http://www.aol.com.au/news/story/Dutch-court-rejects-Srebr...a-claim/700281/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
18. ^ "Introduction to the Case Srebrenica". Van Diepen Van Der Kroef. http://www.vandiepen.com/en/internationaal/srebrenica/introduction.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
19. ^ "Proceedings The Hague - 4) Judgement (10 July 2008) (link on page to downloadable .pdf file)". Van Diepen Van Der Kroef. http://www.vandiepen.com/en/international/srebrenica/proceedings-the-hague.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
20. ^ "Proceedings The Hague - 5) Statement of Appeal (7 April 2009) (link on page to downloadable .pdf file)". Van Diepen Van Der Kroef. http://www.vandiepen.com/en/international/srebrenica/proceedings-the-hague.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 

Further reading

• Neuffer, Elizabeth (2001). The key to my neighbor's house : seeking justice in Bosnia and Rwanda. New York: Picador. ISBN 0312261268.  [1]

External links

• Srebrenica: A Survivor’s Story - Interview With Hasan Nuhanovic (FrontlineWorld)
• Srebrenica: A survivor moves on - BBCNews
• 1995: 'A town of death' - BBCNews
• Resolution 819, the film: Hasan Nuhanovic’s position - cafeturco.wordpress.com
• History as Written by Other People (Drugi pišu našu historiju) - an article by Hasan Nuhanović
• The key to my neighbor's house : seeking justice in Bosnia and Rwanda - Summary (WorldCat)
• The arrest of Karadzic: a Srebrenica survivor’s perspective - Interview With Hasan Nuhanovic (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
• Liesbeth Zegveld - Dutch Wikipedia article
• "Der Himmel über Lethe" / "Rescue Operations on Lethe", by Zentrum für Politische Schönheit / Center for Political Beauty, performance artists (compilation recreating the sequence of events and decisions leading up to the genocide - Hasan Nuhanović's voice is last but one on the soundtrack)

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