- Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov
and military writer.
Dragomirov entered the Guard infantry in 1849, becoming second
lieutenant in 1852 and lieutenant in 1854. In the latter year he was selected to study at theNicholas Academy (a staff college), and here he distinguished himself so much that he received agold medal , an honor which, it is stated, was paid to a student of the academy only twice in the 19th century. In 1856, Dragomirov was promoted to staff-captain and in 1858 to fullcaptain , being sent in the latter year to study the military methods in vogue in other countries. He visitedFrance ,England , andBelgium , and wrote voluminous reports on the instructional and maneuvre camps of these countries atChâlons ,Aldershot , andBeverloo . In 1859, he was attached to theheadquarters of theKing of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II during the campaign ofMagenta andSolferino , and immediately upon his return toRussia he was sent to the Nicholas Academy as professor of tactics. Dragomirov played a leading part in the reorganization of the educational system of the army, and acted also as instructor to severalprince s of the imperial family. This post he held until 1863, when, as alieutenant colonel , he took part in the suppression of the Polish insurrection of 1863-1864, returning toSt. Petersburg in the latter year ascolonel and chief of staff to one of the Guard divisions. During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Dragomirov was attached to the headquarters of theSecond Prussian army . He was present at the battles on the upperElbe and atKöniggrätz , and his comments on the operations which he witnessed are of the greatest value to the student of tactics and of the war of 1866.In 1868, he was made a
major general , and in the following year became chief of staff in theKiev military circumscription. In 1873, Dragomirov was appointed to command the 4th division, and in this command he distinguished himself very greatly in theRusso-Turkish War, 1877–1878 . The 4th division led the way at the crossing of theDanube atZimnitza ; Dragomirov being in charge of the delicate and difficult operation of crossing and landing under fire, and fulfilling his mission with complete success. Later, after the reverses beforePlevna , he, with the "cesarevich " and GeneralsEduard Totleben andDmitry Milyutin , strenuously opposed the suggestion of theGrand Duke Nicholas that theRussian army should retreat intoRomania , and the demoralization of the greater part of the army was not permitted to spread to Dragomirov's division, which retained its discipline unimpaired and gave a splendid example to the rest.He was wounded at the
Shipka Pass , and, though promotedlieutenant general soon after this, was not able to see further active service. He was also madeadjutant general to thetsar and chief of the 53rdVolhynia regiment of his old division. For eleven years thereafter General Dragomirov was chief of the Nicholas Academy, and it was during this period that he collated and introduced into the Russian army all the best military literature ofEurope , and in many other ways was active in improving the moral and technical efficiency of the Russian officer-corps, especially of the staff officer. In 1889, Dragomirov becamecommander-in-chief of the Kiev military district, andgovernor general of Kiev,Podolsk , and Volhynia, retaining this post until 1903. He was promoted to the rank of general ofinfantry in 1891. His advanced age and failing health prevented his employment at the front during theRusso-Japanese War of 1904–1905, but his advice was continually solicited by the general headquarters at St. Petersburg, and while he disagreed withGeneral Kuropatkin in many important questions ofstrategy andmilitary policy , they both recommended a repetition of the strategy of 1812, even though the total abandonment of Port Arthur was involved therein. Dragomirov died atKonotop on the 28th of October, 1905. In addition to the orders which he already possessed, he received in 1901 theOrder of St. Andrew .His larger military works were mostly translated into French, and his occasional papers, extending over a period of nearly fifty years, appeared chiefly in the "Voienni Sbornik" and the "Razvedschik"; his later articles in the last-named paper were, like the general orders he issued to his own troops, attentively studied throughout the Russian army. His critique of
Leo Tolstoy 's "War and Peace " attracted even wider attention. Dragomirov was, in formal tactics, the head of the orthodox school. Hisconservatism was not, however, the result of habit and early training, but of deliberate reasoning and choice. His model was, as he admitted in the war of 1866, the British infantry of thePeninsular War , but he sought to reach the ideal, not through the methods of repression against which the advanced s revolted, but by means of thorough efficiency in the individual soldier and in the smaller units. He inculcated the offensive at all costs, and the combination of crushing short range fire and thebayonet charge. He carried out the ideas ofSuvorov to the fullest extent, and many thought that he pressed them to a theoretical extreme unattainable in practice. His critics, however, did not always realize that Dragomirov depended, for the efficiency his unit required, on the capacity of the leader, and that an essential part of the self-sacrificing discipline he exacted from his officers was the power of assuming responsibility. The details of his brilliant achievement of Zimnitza suffice to give a clear idea of Dragomirov's personality and of the way in which his methods of training conduced to success.References
*1911
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