Macdonald polynomials

In mathematics, Macdonald polynomials P_λ(x; t,q) are a family of orthogonal polynomials in several variables, introduced by Macdonald (1987). Macdonald originally associated his polynomials with weights λ of finite root systems and used just one variable t, but later realized that it is more natural to associate them with affine root systems rather than finite root systems, in which case the variable t can be replaced by several different variables t=(t₁,...,t_k), one for each of the k orbits of roots in the affine root system. The Macdonald polynomials are polynomials in n variables x=(x₁,...,x_n), where n is the rank of the affine root system. They generalize many other families of orthogonal polynomials, such as Jack polynomials and Hall–Littlewood polynomials and Askey–Wilson polynomials, which in turn include most of the named 1-variable orthogonal polynomials as special cases. Koornwinder polynomials are Macdonald polynomials of certain non-reduced root systems. They have deep relationships with affine Hecke algebras and Hilbert schemes, which were used to prove several conjectures made by Macdonald about them.

Definition

First fix some notation:

• R is a finite root system in a real vector space V.
• R⁺ is a choice of positive roots, to which corresponds a positive Weyl chamber.
• W is the Weyl group of R.
• Q is the root lattice of R (the lattice spanned by the roots).
• P is the weight lattice of R (containing Q).
• An ordering on the weights: $\mu \le \lambda$ if and only if λ − μ is a nonnegative linear combination of simple roots.
• P⁺ is the set of dominant weights: the elements of P in the positive Weyl chamber.
• ρ is the Weyl vector: half the sum of the positive roots; this is a special element of P⁺ in the interior of the positive Weyl chamber.
• F is a field of characteristic 0, usually the rational numbers.
• A = F(P) is the group algebra of P, with a basis of elements written e^λ for λ ∈ P.
• If f = e^λ, then f means e^−λ, and this is extended by linearity to the whole group algebra.
• m_μ = Σ_{λ ∈ Wμ}e^λ is an orbit sum; these elements form a basis for the subalgebra A^W of elements fixed by W.
• $(a;q)_\infty = \prod_{r\ge0}(1-aq^r)$, the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol.
• $\Delta= \prod_{\alpha\in R} {(e^\alpha; q)_\infty \over (te^\alpha; q)_\infty}.$
• $\langle f,g\rangle=(\text{constant term of }f \overline g \Delta)/|W|$ is the inner product of two elements of A, at least when t is a positive integer power of q.

The Macdonald polynomials P_λ for λ ∈ P⁺ are uniquely defined by the following two conditions:

$P_\lambda=\sum_{\mu\le \lambda}u_{\lambda\mu}m_\mu$ where u_λμ is a rational function of q and t with u_λλ = 1;

P_λ and P_μ are orthogonal if λ < μ.

In other words the Macdonald polynomials are obtained by orthogonalizing the obvious basis for A^W. The existence of polynomials with these properties is easy to show (for any inner product). A key property of the Macdonald polynomials is that they are orthogonal: 〈P_λ, P_μ〉 = 0 whenever λ ≠ μ. This is not a trivial consequence of the definition because P⁺ is not totally ordered, so has plenty of elements that are incomparable, and one has to check that the corresponding polynomials are still orthogonal. The orthogonality can be proved by showing that the Macdonald polynomials are eigenvectors for an algebra of commuting self adjoint operators with 1-dimensional eigenspaces, and using the fact that eigenspaces for different eigenvalues must be orthogonal.

In the case of non-simply-laced root systems (B, C, F, G), the parameter t can be chosen to vary with the length of the root, giving a three-parameter family of Macdonald polynomials. One can also extend the definition to the nonreduced root system BC, in which case one obtains a six-parameter family (one t for each orbit of roots, plus q) known as Koornwinder polynomials. It is sometimes better to regard Macdonald polynomials as depending on a possibly non-reduced affine root system. In this case there is one parameter t associated to each orbit of roots in the affine root system, plus one parameter q. The number of orbits of roots can vary from 1 to 5.

Examples

• If q = t the Macdonald polynomials become the Weyl characters of the representations of the compact group of the root system, or the Schur functions in the case of root systems of type A.
• If q = 0 the Macdonald polynomials become the (rescaled) zonal spherical functions for a semisimple p-adic group, or the Hall–Littlewood polynomials when the root system has type A.
• If t=1 the Macdonald polynomials become the sums over W orbits, which are the monomial symmetric functions when the root system has type A.
• If we put t = q^α and let q tend to 1 the Macdonald polynomials become Jack polynomials when the root system is of type A, and Heckman–Opdam polynomials for more general root systems.
• For the affine root system A₁, the Macdonald polynomials are the Rogers polynomials.
• For the non-reduced rank 1 affine root system of type (C∨
  1, C₁), the Macdonald polynomials are the Askey–Wilson polynomials, which in turn include as special cases most of the named families of orthogonal polynomials in 1 variable.
• For the non-reduced affine root system of type (C∨
  n, C_n), the Macdonald polynomials are the

Koornwinder polynomials.

The Macdonald constant term conjecture

If t = q^k for some positive integer k, then the norm of the Macdonald polynomials is given by

$\langle P_\lambda, P_\lambda\rangle = \prod_{\alpha\in R, \alpha>0} \prod_{0<i<k} {1-q^{(\lambda+k\rho,2\alpha/(\alpha,\alpha))+i} \over 1-q^{(\lambda+k\rho,2\alpha/(\alpha,\alpha))-i}}.$

This was conjectured by Macdonald (1982) as a generalization of the Dyson conjecture, and proved for all (reduced) root systems by Cherednik (1995) using properties of double affine Hecke algebras. The conjecture had previously been proved case-by-case for all roots systems except those of type E_n by several authors.

There are two other conjectures which together with the norm conjecture are collectively referred to as the Macdonald conjectures in this context: in addition to the formula for the norm, Macdonald conjectured a formula for the value of P_λ at the point t^ρ, and a symmetry

$\frac{P_\lambda(\dots,q^{\mu_i}t^{\rho_i},\dots)}{P_\lambda(t^\rho)} = \frac{P_\mu(\dots,q^{\lambda_i}t^{\rho_i},\dots)}{P_\mu(t^\rho)}.$

Again, these were proved for general reduced root systems by Cherednik (1995), using double affine Hecke algebras, with the extension to the BC case following shortly thereafter via work of van Diejen, Noumi, and Sahi.

The Macdonald positivity conjecture

In the case of roots systems of type A_n−1 the Macdonald polynomials can be identified with symmetric polynomials in n variables (with coefficients that are rational functions of q and t). They can be expanded in terms of Schur functions, and the coefficients K_λμ(q,t) of these expansions are called Kostka–Macdonald coefficients. Macdonald conjectured that the Kostka–Macdonald coefficients were polynomials in q and t with non-negative integer coefficients. These conjectures are now proved; the hardest and final step was proving the positivity, which was done by Mark Haiman (2001), by proving the n! conjecture.

n! conjecture

The n! conjecture of Adriano Garsia and Mark Haiman states that for each partition μ of n the space

$D_\mu =C[\partial x,\partial y]\,\Delta_\mu$

spanned by all higher partial derivatives of

$\Delta_\mu = \det (x_i^{p_j}y_i^{q_j})_{1\le i,j,\le n}$

has dimension n!, where (p_j, q_j) run through the n elements of the diagram of the partition μ, regarded as a subset of the pairs of non-negative integers. For example, if μ is the partition 3 = 2 + 1 of n = 3 then the pairs (p_j, q_j) are (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), and the space D_μ is spanned by

Δ_μ = x₁y₂ + x₂y₃ + x₃y₁ − x₂y₁ − x₃y₂ − x₁y₃

y₂ − y₃

y₃ − y₁

x₃ − x₂

x₁ − x₃

1

which has dimension 6 = 3!.

Haiman's proof of the Macdonald positivity conjecture and the n! conjecture involved showing that the isospectral Hilbert scheme of n points in a plane was Cohen–Macaulay (and even Gorenstein). Earlier results of Haiman and Garsia had already shown that this implied the n! conjecture, and that the n! conjecture implied that the Kostka–Macdonald coefficients were graded character multiplicities for the modules D_μ. This immediately implies the Macdonald positivity conjecture because character multiplicities have to be non-negative integers.

Ian Grojnowski and Mark Haiman found another proof of the Macdonald positivity conjecture by proving a positivity conjecture for LLT polynomials.

References

• Cherednik, Ivan (1995), "Double Affine Hecke Algebras and Macdonald's Conjectures", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series (Annals of Mathematics) 141 (1): 191–216, ISSN 0003-486X, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118632 
• Adriano Garsia and Jeffrey B. Remmel Breakthroughs in the theory of Macdonald polynomials PNAS March 15, 2005, vol. 102, no. 11, 3891–3894
• Mark Haiman Combinatorics, symmetric functions, and Hilbert schemes Current Developments in Mathematics 2002, no. 1 (2002), 39–111.
• Haiman, Mark Notes on Macdonald polynomials and the geometry of Hilbert schemes. Symmetric functions 2001: surveys of developments and perspectives, 1–64, NATO Sci. Ser. II Math. Phys. Chem., 74, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 2002.MR2005f:14010
• Mark Haiman Hilbert schemes, polygraphs, and the Macdonald positivity conjecture J. Amer. Math. Soc. 14 (2001), 941–1006
• Haglund, J.; Haiman, M.; Loehr, N. (2005), "A combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials", Journal of the American Mathematical Society 18 (3): 735–761, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-05-00485-6, ISSN 0894-0347, MR2138143 
• A. A. Kirillov Lectures on affine Hecke algebras and Macdonald's conjectures Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 34 (1997), 251–292.
• Macdonald, I. G. (1982), "Some conjectures for root systems", SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 13 (6): 988–1007, doi:10.1137/0513070, ISSN 0036-1410, MR674768 
• Macdonald, I. G. Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials. Second edition. Oxford Mathematical Monographs. Oxford Science Publications. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. x+475 pp. ISBN 0-19-853489-2 MR96h:05207
• Macdonald, I. G. Symmetric functions and orthogonal polynomials. Dean Jacqueline B. Lewis Memorial Lectures presented at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. University Lecture Series, 12. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1998. xvi+53 pp. ISBN 0-8218-0770-6 MR99f:05116
• Macdonald, I. G. Affine Hecke algebras and orthogonal polynomials. Seminaire Bourbaki 797 (1995).
• Macdonald, I. G. Orthogonal polynomials associated with root systems. 1987 preprint, later published in Sém. Lothar. Combin. 45 (2000/01), Art. B45a, MR2002a:33021
• Macdonald, I. G. (2003), Affine Hecke algebras and orthogonal polynomials, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 157, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. x+175, doi:10.2277/0521824729, ISBN 9780521824729, MR1976581 

External links

• Garsia's page about Macdonald polynomials.
• Some of Haiman's papers about Macdonald polynomials.