Mystikos

The mystikos (Greek: μυστικός, "secret") was an important Byzantine office of the imperial chancery from the 9th through to the 15th centuries. Its initial role is unclear; he was probably the emperor's private secretary. In time, the office also exercised judicial duties. It became an important fiscal official in the Komnenian period, and remained one of the highest-ranking state offices into the Palaiologan period as well.

History and functions

The office first appears in the reign of Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867–886), when Leo Choirosphaktes held it.^[1] Its original function of the office is unclear.^[2] Franz Dölger regarded the mystikos as the emperor's private secretary, while Nicolas Oikonomides considered him already at that stage as a judicial official.^[1]

Due to their proximity of the emperor, the holders of the office had considerable power. Already under Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912), a mystikos became Patriarch of Constantinople: Nicholas I Mystikos.^[3] Trusted by the emperors, the mystikoi are thus attested as occupying various important offices: at times they exercised the duties of a protasekretis, various judicial duties, and served as heads of the establishment of the imperial bedchamber (koitōn).^[1] The office rose to particular prominence under Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180), when the mystikos was given charge of the imperial palace and the emperor's treasury, thus controlling not only the flow of salaries to the various imperial officials, but also the patronage and donations from the imperial purse to the Church.^[4] The office remained important in the 13th century: at least one of its holders held the rank of pansebastos. Their functions however are again unclear.^[5] The office remains attested up to the end of the Empire in the 15th century.^[1]

Derivative offices

In the 10th and 11th centuries, a number of offices were based on the term mystikos. Τhe prōtomystikos (πρωτομυστικός, "first mystikos") is attested in 1057 as a senior judicial official.^[1] Furthermore, the posts of mystographos (μυστογράφος) and mystolektēs (μυστολέκτης) are frequently attested in seals. The former is first attested in 911/12 and extant until probably abolished by Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) in ca. 1100. He was possibly the assistant of the mystikos, since he follows right after him in the Escorial Taktikon of ca. 975, and its holders' seals pair the title with positions as notaries and judicial officials.^[6][7] The office of mystolektēs is chiefly attested in seals of the 11th and 12th centuries. Along with notarial and judicial posts, its holders are also linked in seals with positions within the court itself.^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Kazhdan (1991), p. 1431
2. ^ Magdalino (1994), p. 101
3. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1431, 1466
4. ^ Magdalino (2002), pp. 260–261
5. ^ Macrides (2007), pp. 27, 219
6. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1431–1432
7. ^ Magdalino (1994), p. 109
8. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1432

Sources

• (French) Guilland, Rodolphe (1968). "Le mystique, ὁ μυστικός". Revue des études byzantines 26: 279–296. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1968.1409. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1968_num_26_1_1409. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6. 
• Macrides, Ruth (2007), George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, translation and commentary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1 
• Magdalino, Paul (1984). "The not-so-secret functions of the mystikos". Revue des études byzantines 42: 229–240. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1984.2158. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1984_num_42_1_2158. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
• Magdalino, Paul (1994). "Justice and Finance in the Byzantine State". In Laiou, Angeliki E.; Simon, Dieter. Law and society in Byzantium, 9th–12th centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 93–116. ISBN 978-0-88402-222-6. 
• Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52653-1.