Miniature faking

Digitally blurred miniature fake of Jodhpur

Original photo of Jodhpur

Diorama effect or "diorama illusion" is a process in which a photograph of a life-size location or object is made to look like a photograph of a miniature scale model. Blurring parts of the photo simulates the shallow depth of field normally encountered in close-up photography, making the scene seem much smaller than it actually is; the blurring can be done either optically when the photograph is taken, or by digital postprocessing. Many diorama effect photographs are taken from a high angle to simulate the effect of looking down on a miniature.

Some general characteristics of images

In a typical scene, objects close to the camera are at the bottom of the image, and objects far from the camera are at the top. This is less true if the image includes significant height as well as depth; a tall object near the camera can extend the height of the entire image.

Only one plane can be in precise focus. Objects not in the plane of focus are blurred; the blurring increases with distance from the plane of focus. But blurring less than a certain amount is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions; objects for which blurring is imperceptible are within the depth of field (DoF).^[1]

DoF decreases as magnification increases;^[2] in a close-up photograph of a miniature scene, the DoF is limited, and it often is impossible to have everything appear sharp even at the lens's smallest aperture. Consequently, the foreground and background are often blurred, with the blur increasing with distance above or below the center of the image. In a photograph of a full-size scene, the DoF is considerably greater; in some cases, it is difficult to have much of the scene outside the DoF, even at the lens's maximum aperture. Thus a difference in DoF is one characteristic by which a photograph of a full-size scene is readily distinguished from one of a miniature model.

In typical photographs, there are no optical cues that specify the distance to objects (how far they are from the observation point)^[3] and so distance has to be inferred from the size of familiar objects in the scene.^[4] DoF blurring is a visual cue to distance.^[5][6] In a diorama illusion, the introduction of the blur cue appears to override this familiar information causing objects to appear miniature and toy-like.

Techniques

A common technique for making an image of a full-size scene resemble an image of a miniature model is to have the image progressively blurred from the center to the top or bottom, simulating the blurring due to the limited DoF of a typical image of a miniature. The blurring can be accomplished either optically or with digital postprocessing.

Optical

Miniatures can be simulated optically by using lens tilt, although the effect is somewhat different from the shallow DoF that normally results in close-up photography.^[7]

In a normal photograph, i.e., one not using tilt,

• The DoF extends between two parallel planes on either side of the plane of focus; the DoF is finite in depth but infinite in height and width.
• The sharpness gradients on each side of the DoF are along the line of sight.
• Objects at the same distance from the camera are rendered equally sharp.
• Objects at significantly different distances from the camera are rendered with unequal sharpness.

In a photograph using tilt,

• The DoF extends between two planes on either side of the plane of focus that intersect at a point beneath the lens (see Depth of field in the Scheimpflug principle article for an illustration).
• The DoF is wedge shaped, with the apex of the wedge near the camera, and the height of the wedge increasing with distance from the camera.^[8]
• When the plane of focus is at a substantial angle to the image plane, the DoF can be small in height but infinite in width and depth.
• The sharpness gradients are at an angle to the line of sight. When the plane of focus is almost perpendicular to the image plane, the sharpness gradients are almost perpendicular to the line of sight.
• When the plane of focus is at a substantial angle to the image plane, objects at the same distance from the camera are rendered with unequal sharpness, depending on their positions in the scene.
• Objects at greatly different distances from the camera are rendered sharp if they are within the DoF wedge.

Despite the differences, for a scene that includes relatively little height, lens tilt can produce a result similar to that of a miniature scene, especially if the image is taken from above at a moderate angle to the ground. For a completely flat surface, the effect using tilt would be almost the same as that with a regular lens: the region of focus would be sharp, with progressive blurring toward the top or bottom of the image. The image of Jodhpur was made from such a scene; although the blurring was accomplished with digital postprocessing, a similar result could have been obtained using tilt.

Diorama effect using tilt is less effective if a scene includes objects of significant height, such as tall buildings or trees, especially when photographed at a small angle to the ground, because there is a sharpness gradient along surfaces that are obviously the same distance from the camera.

Though probably less common, similar difficulties arise if an object has significant extent along the line of sight, such as a long train receding from view, again photographed at a small angle to the ground, because parts of the train that are obviously at considerably different distances from the camera are rendered equally sharp.

With a view camera, tilt can usually be set with movements built in to the camera; with a small- or medium-format camera, a tilt/shift lens or adapter is usually required.

Digital postprocessing

A digitally blurred image of a Norfolk Southern freight train

Miniature simulation taken at a low angle to the ground

A miniature can also be simulated digitally, using an image editor to blur the top and bottom of the photograph, so that only the subject is sharp. With basic techniques, e.g., a tool such as Adobe Photoshop's Lens Blur filter,^[9] using sharpness gradients extending from the middle of the image to the top and bottom, the effect is quite similar to that obtained using lens tilt.

The simple techniques have limitations similar to those of lens tilt. In the image of Jodhpur, the diorama simulation is quite effective, because the scene includes relatively little height and was photographed at a fairly high angle to the ground. The simulation is less convincing in the image of the train and in the image of the large, low building, because these scenes include several tall objects and were photographed at fairly low angles to the ground. In the image of the train, there is significant sharpness variation from the bottom of the train to the top, and the same is true for many of the trees, even though the tops and bottoms of these objects are at nearly the same distances from the camera. Similar effects occur in the image of the large, low building; although the diorama simulation of the main subject is reasonable, there are noticeable sharpness differences from top to bottom on the nearest light poles and on the taller building in the background, even though the tops and bottoms of these objects are at nearly the same distances from the camera.

More realistic simulation is possible using more advanced techniques. A simple depth map^[10] consisting of a linear gradient can be edited to give uniform sharpness to objects at the same distance from the camera. This effect cannot be achieved using lens tilt.

Even simple digital techniques afford greater flexibility than optical techniques, including the ability to choose the region of sharpness and the amount of blur for the unsharp areas after the photograph has been taken. In addition, digital miniature faking does not require a camera with movements or a special (and usually very expensive) lens.

Other techniques to enhance the impression of a diorama scene are increasing the contrast of the picture, simulating the darker, harder shadows of a miniature under a light, and increasing the saturation of the picture to simulate the brighter colors of a painted miniature.

Digital techniques for motion pictures

The first use of diorama effect in a commercial motion picture was a process developed by Jim L Clark, dubbed Smallgantics, for "Harrowdown Hill", a music video for Thom Yorke of Radiohead. The project was produced at Bent Image Lab in July 2006 and directed by filmmaker Chel White. In this instance, the false diorama effect was achieved digitally using helicopter footage of full-size vernal and urban landscapes that was broken down into separate planes. It involves hand creating as many as eight planes of z-buffering over live-action footage, one frame at a time, resulting in an animated black and white matte (filmmaking) sequence. These mattes are then blended together with varying degrees of blur to create the effect of shallow depth of field.

Usage in film and television

• Diorama illusion scenes of the Las Vegas skyline were featured prominently in the CSI episode "Living Doll" in which The Miniature Killer is revealed.
• The different postcards introducing each country at the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest used diorama illusion scenes.
• Photographs taken with the technique have been used in a set of bumps on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim nighttime lineup.
• Diorama illusion crowd scenes are used in the intro sequence of the TV series Dollhouse.
• Diorama illusion scenes of pedestrians walking around various Australian cities were used in an advertisement for National Australia Bank.
• Diorama illusion scenes of Burbank, California are used as pre-commercial screens on the second incarnation of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
• Photographer Sam O'Hare uses 35,000 still photos to create the film The Sandpit.
• The 2010 BBC TV series Sherlock uses diorama illusion scenes of London for the show's titles and transitions.
• The 2010 film The Social Network uses miniature faking in a sequence showing a rowing event.
• The entire opening sequence for Gulliver's Travels (2010 film) uses diorama illusions for shots of New York City.
• Japanese clothes maker Uniqlo used diorama illusion videography techniques for its calendar campaign.
• Oxford University posted a digitally postprocessed tilt simulation on their website in February 2011.
• Bumpers used in Eurovision 2011 also used this technique

See also

• Tilt-shift photography

Notes

1. ^ Ray 2000, 51.
2. ^ For distances substantially less than the hyperfocal distance, the DoF is given by T ≈ 2Nc (m + 1) / m ², where N is the lens f-number, c is the circle of confusion, and m is the magnification (Ray 2000, 56).
3. ^ Vishwanath & Blaser, 2010
4. ^ Gogel, 1969
5. ^ Held et al. 2010, 19:4–19:6.
6. ^ Vishwanath & Blaser, 2010
7. ^ Held et al. 2010, 19:4–19:6.
8. ^ Merklinger 1996, 32.
9. ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated. Add Lens Blur. Accessed 22 September 2009.
10. ^ Depth map is the term used in Adobe Photoshop for indicating distance from the camera with varying levels of gray when using the Lens Blur filter.

References

• Gogel, W. C. 1969. The effect of object familiarity on the perception of size and distance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21
• Held, Robert T., Emily A. Cooper, James F. O'Brien, and Martin S. Banks. 2010. Using Blur to Affect Perceived Distance and Size. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 29(2):19:1–16, March 2010. ACM Digital Library Record Project Homepage (PDF)
• Merklinger, Harold M. 1996. Focusing the View Camera. Bedford, Nova Scotia: Seaboard Printing Limited. ISBN 0-9695025-2-4. Available for download (PDF).
• Ray, Sidney F. 2000. The geometry of image formation. In The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51574-9
• Vishwanath, D., and E. Blaser. 2010. Retinal blur and the perception of egocentric distance. Journal of Vision, 10(10):26, 1–16, Available for download (PDF).