Education in Pakistan

Infobox Education
country name = Pakistan
agency

agency = Federal Ministry of Education
Provincial Education Ministries
leader titles =
leader names =
budget = Rs.9556.442 million [http://www.moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm?#q7]
budget year = 2007
primary languages = Urdu and English.
system type = Mainly public
established events =
established dates =
literacy year = 2007
literacy total = 56 [Ministry of Education [http://www.moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm?#q4 Literacy level] ]
literacy men = 63 [ UNICEF [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/pakistan_pakistan_statistics.html#26 Literacy level - Men] ]
literacy women = 36 [ UNICEF [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/pakistan_pakistan_statistics.html#26 Literacy level - Women] ]
enroll total =
enroll primary = 87.3% [Ministry of Education [http://www.moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm?#q5] ]
enroll secondary = 44% [Ministry of Education [http://www.moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm?#q5] ]
enroll post-secondary = 4.6% [ World Bank [http://devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/SummaryEducationProfiles/CountryData/GetShowData.asp?sCtry=PAK,Pakistan Enrollment level] ]
attain secondary = ?
attain post-secondary = ?
footnotes =

Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.

All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research.

Historical background

When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, West Pakistan had only one institution of higher education [http://www.wes.org/ewenr/05jan/feature.htm] , the University of the Punjab; East Pakistan had the University of Dhaka. Over the next 20 years, many private and public schools and higher education institutions were established to help fuel the country’s socio-economic development.

In the early 1970s, all of Pakistan’s educational institutions were nationalized under the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was committed to the idea of Islamic Socialism.

For the next decade, Pakistan’s entire system of education was state-run. However, the growing demand for higher education fast outpaced the establishment of new public universities. During that period, the system could accommodate only 25 percent of the high school graduates who applied to higher education institutions. The overcrowding prompted many wealthy Pakistanis to seek university degrees abroad in the United States, Great Britain and Australia, while others sought out private tutors at home or entered the job market without a degree.

In 1979 a government commission reviewed the consequences of nationalization and concluded that in view of the poor participation rates at all levels of education, the public sector could no longer be the country’s sole provider of education. By the mid-1980s, private educational institutions were allowed to operate on the condition that they comply with government-recognized standards.

Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: Aga Khan University established in 1983; and Lahore University of Management Sciences established in 1985. By 1997, however, there were 10 private universities and in 2001-2002, this number had doubled to 20. In 2003-2004 Pakistan had a total of 53 private degree granting institutions.

The rapid expansion of private higher education is even more remarkable if we look at the number of institutions established on a year-by-year basis. In 1997, for instance, three private institutions were established; in 2001 eleven new private institutions were opened; and in 2002 a total of 29 private sector institutions sprung up.

The Government has decided to introduce 'English Medium Education' on a phased basis and to substantially end the right to 'Mother Tongue Education'. This new policy which is termed 'Education Sector Reforms (Policy decisions)', states that "English language has been made compulsory from Class-1 onwards." and the "Introduction of English as medium of instruction for Science, Mathematics, Computer Science and other selected subjects like Economics and Geography in all schools in a graduated manner." [ Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education [http://www.moe.gov.pk/] ]

Caretaker Minister for Education Mr. Shujaat Ali Beg declared Jan 25, 2008 that eighteen colleges of the city of Karachi would be made "Model English Medium Colleges," [18 colleges declared 'English medium' [http://www.interface.edu.pk/students/Jan-08/English-medium-colleges.asp] ]

Pre-school

A child may begin his/her schooling at a pre-school at the age of 3. Over the last few years, many new kindergarten (sometimes called montessori) schools have also sprung up in Pakistan.

Post-secondary

Students can then proceed to a College or University for Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Science (BSc) or Commerce/Business Administration (BCom/BBA) degree courses. There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan namely Pass or Honours. Pass constitutes two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry, Mathematics, Economics, Statistics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such as English, Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies) whereas Honours are three or four years and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study such as Biochemistry (BSc Hons. Biochemistry). It is important to note that Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country. Students may also after earning their HSSC may study for professional Bachelor degree courses such as engineering (B Engg), medicine (MBBS), vetrinary medicine(DVM) law (LLB), agriculture (B Agri), architecture (B Arch), nursing (B Nurs) etc. which are of four or five years duration depending on the degree.Further after passing the diploma of associate engineer(3-Year study after SSC)can take in admission in B.Tech engineering.B.Tech(Hon's) degree consists of four years.

Some Masters Degrees also consist of 1.5 years. Then there are PhD Education as well in selected areas. One has to choose specific field and the suitable university doing research work in that field. PhD in Pakistan consists of minimum 3-5 years.

Pakistani universities churn out almost 1.2 million skilled graduates annually. The government has announced a $1 billion spending plan over the next decade to build 6 state-of-the-art science and engineering universities. The scheme would be overseen by the Higher Education Commission. [http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/pakistan-plans-state-of-the-art-science-universities.cfm?&utm_source=feed-1&utm_medium=rss]

Criticism

An issue of National Geographic conveys the adversity poor families must face. Some schools are run so badly that few kids attend. cquote|It's not unusual in Pakistan to hear of public schools that receive no books, no supplies, and no subsidies from the government. Thousands more are 'ghost schools' that exist only on paper, to line the pockets of phantom teachers and administrators."::::--National Geographic: "Struggle for the Soul of Pakistan", Don Belt [Citation
last=Belt
first=Don
date=September 2007
title=Struggle for the Soul of Pakistan
periodical=National Geographic
publisher=
issue=September 2007
pages=59
accessdate=2007-08-25]

Madrassas

Ever since the start of the War on Terror, the attention of the world's media has been focused on the madrassas operating in Pakistan which are mainly attended by children living in rural areas. Popular worldwide beliefs are that a significant number of students in Pakistan are a part of these religious schools. This myth was debunked by a Harvard/World Bank study that examined statistical data to more precisely determine madrassa enrollment in Pakistan.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank), 2005; [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] ; [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] Madrassa Maths, Economist, May 2005 [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/media/madrassa/Economist.pdf PDF] .] The findings were that enrollment in Pakistani madrassas is relatively low, with less than 1 percent of all students enrolled in a school attending madrassas.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] Madrassa Maths, [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3992265 Economist, summary for non-subscribers] ; [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/media/madrassa/Economist.pdf full article, PDF] .] There are as much as 100 times as many children in public schools as there are in madrassas and almost 40 times as many children in private schools as there are in madrassas.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] For the average Pakistani household, the choice of going to a madrassa is simply not a statistically significant option. Even in areas which surround Afghanistan, which are considered to be hotbeds of madrassa activity, madrassa enrollment is actually less than 7.5 percent.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ]

Outside this region madrassa enrollment is thinly, but evenly, spread across the rest of the country. There was no evidence of a dramatic increase in madrassa enrollment in recent years.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] Madrassa Maths, [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3992265 Economist, summary for non-subscribers] ; [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/media/madrassa/Economist.pdf full article, PDF] .] The Madrassa Myth, by Peter Bergen and Swati Pandey, June 14, 2005 [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/14/opinion/14bergen.html?ex=1276401600&en=b6badbe6f72adb9b&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss New York Times] ] Examining time trends it was found that madrassa enrollment actually declined in Pakistan from its creation until the 1980s.Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] It increased somewhat during the religion-based resistance to the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviets in 1979 and the subsequent rise of the Taliban. However, in the last few years, the data does not suggest that there is any dramatic increase in madrassa enrollment. [ [http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/ksgnews/KSGInsight/khwaja.htm Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard)] ] Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data. by Asim Ijaz Khwaja (Harvard), Tristan Zajonc (Harvard), Tahir Andrabi (Pomona), and Jishnu Das (World Bank) [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/papers/MadrassaCERNov05.pdf PDF] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=667843 Abstract] ] Madrassa Maths, [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3992265 Economist, summary for non-subscribers] ; [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~akhwaja/media/madrassa/Economist.pdf full article, PDF] .]

Other criticisms

Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. However, in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem. In 1990-91, the female to male ratio (F/M ratio) of enrolment was 0.47 for primary level of education. It reached to 0.74 in 1999-2000, so the F/M ratio has improved by 57.44 percent within the decade. For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade, so it has improved almost 62 percent. In both cases the gender disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level. But for whole of the decade the gender disparity remained relatively high at middle level, despite the fact that for the duration the F/M ratio for teachers and F/M ratio of educational institutions at the middle level remained better than at the primary level. [http://bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-5%202004/Tasnim%20Khan%20&%20Rana%20Ejaz-3.pdf]

The gender disparity in enrolment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in1990-91 was 0.67 percent in 1999-2000, so the disparity hasdecreased by 67.5 percent in the decade or at the average rate of 6.75 percent annually.At the college level it was 0.50 in 1990-91 and it reached 0.81 in 1999-2000, so genderdisparity decreased by 64 percent with an annual rate of 6.4 percent. The gender disparityhas decreased comparatively rapidly at secondary school. The gender disparity ineducational institutions at the secondary level of education was changed from 0.36 in1990-91 to 0.52 in 1999-2000 with a 44 percent change. The same type of disparity at the college level was 0.56 in 1990-91 and reached at 0.64 in 1999-2000 with 14 percent change in the decade. The disparity at the college level has improved much less than that at the secondary level. [http://bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-5%202004/Tasnim%20Khan%20&%20Rana%20Ejaz-3.pdf]

ee also

*Pakistan Studies
*Education in Karachi
*Education in District Dir Lower
* [http://www.tls.edu.pk Quality Education in Kasur District on non-profit basis by citizens themselves]

References

Further reading

*K.K. Aziz. (2004) "The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan." Vanguard. ISBN 969-402-126-X
*Nayyar, A.H. & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) "The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan - Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics." Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
*Pervez Hoodbhoy and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in "Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience", Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985.
*Mubarak Ali. In the Shadow of history, Nigarshat, Lahore; History on Trial, Fiction House, Lahore, 1999; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub, Fiction House, Lahore, 2003.
*Rubina Saigol. Knowledge and Identity - Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan, ASR, Lahore 1995
*Tariq Rahman, "Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan" Karachi, Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprint. 2006.
*Tariq Rahman, "Language, Ideology and Power: Language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India" Karachi, Oxford UP, 2002.
*Tariq Rahman, "Language and Politics in Pakistan" Karachi: Oxford UP, 1996. Rept. several times. see 2006 edition.
* [http://www.worldbank.org/oed/education/pakistan.html World Bank Case Study on Primary Education in Pakistan]

External links

* [http://www.moe.gov.pk Ministry of Education, Pakistan]
* [http://www.usip.org/events/2006/trip_report.pdf Islamic Education in Pakistan] by Christine Fair, U.S. Institute of Peace
* [http://www.eduvision.edu.pk Eduvision-All About Study In Pakistan, Pakistan]