Elimination of opposition in 1947 (Communist Albania)

Elimination of opposition in 1947, Albania
Location	Tirana, Albania
Date	1947
Target	Opposition members (Non-communists)
Attack type	Massacre
Death(s)	16 Killed, others imprisonment
Perpetrator(s)	Communists, notably Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu

The Massacre of 1947 in Albania was the killing of 16 non-communist in opposition.^[1] After this event the Massacre of 1951 in Albania followed. The start of the judgements where on 1945.^[2]

Elimination

The idea for the elimination of political opponents, not after the war began, but during it. For that make words and documents issued by the Central State Archive, written by Enver Hoxha. In one of these documents, written by the hand of Enver on August 19, 1944 and bears the number "46" are these messages:

"Zain's Swamp torturing them to death and then pushkatoni. Be required to give explanations to these questions: Why has arrived in Kosovo, who sent and ç'direktiva? What are the goals and englezëve Gani? To provide explanations for his previous activities and his treachery. Zait testimony of us here send a man safely. Zain's murder there. " Below this manuscript is the name "Enver".

Just two days later, Enver Hoxha order to eliminate political opponents would continue with the letter with number "45", which states:

"Freedom, many conspiracy. Do not ask for more from Gani be submitted, but at any cost and severity of attack and killed. If Gani It is submitted, notify me as soon as possible. Need to act quickly, they can come to help Kosovars. Enver ".

Clearly understood that in those days of war, orders for executions without trial and have given the Communist Party leader, Enver Hoxha. But his direct intervention would continue afterwards, even when it was a group of deputies, who in opposition were considered as "enemies."

Platform

On December 2, 1945, the Albanian communist state at the time were held for the Constituent Assembly elections. The overwhelming majority of deputies elected were members of the Albanian Communist Party and senior party officials-state. All members, without exception, were closely associated with the National Liberation Movement, which was led by the Albanian Communist Party during the period 1942-1944. Noting that the Albanian Communist Party is set to Albania a dictatorial state, some members of the educated in France, Vienna, Rome, etc., as George Kokoshi, Enver Sazani and Selaudin Toto, began to express their grievances against the government of Tirana, led by Enver Hoxha. Amplifikoheshin conversations between MPs are liberal views. But without doubt that the State Insurance was aware of calls "reactionary" that took place between pakënaqurve.

Organization

Group members came open as a group organized to defend the principles of Western democracy and assumed to make the opposition in Parliament's first communist Albania. Intellectual and organizational skills, very soon fell against the efforts of the dictatorship, which had started to install bit by bit. Opposition became prey to persecution until their arrest. Their resistance to stop the communist revanshin cost is 16 MPs, who were able to enter Parliament. The trial of the "Group Members" began and ended as a trial entirely fabricated, based on evidence that the defendants were taken through a physical and psychological violence during the investigation improperly. Military Court under the direct orders of Enver Hoxha ordered the execution of 16 defendants in that process and severe penalties for dozens of others from different districts, who are accused of links and cooperation with the "Group Members".

Opposition against Enver Hoxha

It was the beginning of April 1946, when the next meeting to make a home Hysen Shehu from "Group Members", as seen by the public later, it is stated that their plans to overthrow Enver Hoxha would soon gene effect. For this, some members of the group, as Riza Dani, Selman Andrew Kole Kuqali etc.., Just hours before the start of the meeting in question, had met with the missionaries of the American representative in Tirana. So, as everyone gathered, they reported what they had talked to foreign missionaries and messages they received from them. Of them reported that they were given tasks that should enhance the organization of çetave, shares begin to prepare for the uprising, since they will soon disembark military forces. Specifically, during his speech Riza Dan taught as saying:

"In the conversation we had with the American mission to General Hodgson, we got promises that they will soon receive what steps to ask, just ask us to do zhgënjeheshin.

After many hours of discussions and suggestions, has finally spoken and most influential man of the group, Shefqet Beja, who, as his previous speaker, said: "Expansion of activity çetave and instructions we received from the Anglo-Americans for a landing, the counties will go through friends and tell them to start a vast propaganda, starting with various slogans."

After his deputy intervened Selaudin Toto, who appears to have an unquestioning faith in their anti allies of the West, as stated:

"We must have faith in the promises that have given us Anglo-Americans, because it definitely will soon have a landfall and will change the situation here."

After this meeting, where according to investigative records held by the people themselves evidence only shortly before their release in court, is also set for concrete measures that would take on behalf of an armed uprising expected, almost all the chief "Group members" went to the districts to deal with the organization.

Platform

It was July 1946's when he gathered the leaders of the organization again MPs at a meeting scheduled for the realization of their political platform. It was loaded Riza Dani, Faik Shehu and Jup Kazazi specific organizational tasks to prepare the intervention of the Allies. In this initiative it was decided to give a total momentum to create upheaval in the country. Anyway, then they will declare for the distrust that had been in their initiatives. Thus, one of them, Tefik Deliallisi, during his trial before the judge would declare:

"We dyshonim that our forces could be entering the uprising, but we trust in the help of Anglo-Americans. The beginning of the uprising was just enough to find a pretext to interfere with guns, so to present to the outside world that in Albania the situation is vague .... "

Arrests

In early 1947, without removing the mandate of the deputy, were arrested: Riza Dan, a member of Shkodra Shefqet Beja, a member of Durres Sazani Enver, a member of Durres; Selaudin Toto, a member of Gjirokastra Majuni Irfan, a member of the Debar ; Faik Shehu, a member of the Debar, Costa Boshnjaku, MP George Kokoshi Tirana, Shkodra MP, the first Minister of Education after World War II. The trial took place in cinemas November 17 (National) in Tirana, with the same interior decoration and external banners with the same cast from the crowd of frustrated, as the Special Court held in the cinema "Kosova." Shefqet Beja, had the courage to undress in the courtroom to tell the judge and the audience in the hall, the wounds caused by iron flush in the chest and back. A good part of the defendants, under the effect of torture, admitted they had created an "opposition group, based in Albania to a capitalist regime. The decision was made in late September 1947 and was paapelueshëm.

Decision

Finally, after many accusations and kundërakuzash, the Supreme Court issued decision no. 187, dated 27. 9. 1947:

"... For the high treason work for the collapse of the Albanian democratic state ..." punished:

Death by firing squad: Selaudin Toto, Irfan Majuni, Enver Sazani, Sheh Ibrahim Karbunara, Hysen Shehu, Agothokli Xhitoni, Abdul Kokoshi, Selim Kokalari, Beqir Cela, Mehmet Prishtina, Paolo Sogioti, Tefik Delialliasi, Pertef Karagjozi, Shefqet Beja, Sulo Klosi .

Finally, the number of executed amounted to 40 persons, as back in charge and those who were involved were considered "collaborators of Representatives."

Execution

A full month to connect to a way that can not move at all sitting MPs have condemned to death in cells of high-security prison no. 313 in the capital, pending the implementation of the decision of their execution. Within that month they tried to do, and recent efforts to save lives. Thus, each sent to higher authorities of the country and mainly in the Presidency of the Constituent Assembly, whose members until shortly before they were convicted they themselves, their demands for an apology. Until the last moments had not lost hope for an apology from the former parliamentary colleagues. However, it was never realized. There was a letter to the department launched the prison where they were isolated, signed by the Secretary of the Presidium, Sami Baholli, which was made known their rejection of pleas to give the chance to live. Specifically, it held a letter on October 9, 1947 and has been recorded in the log number 180 of the Parliament of that year. After that would come hours before the midnight of 10 October when the firing squad would take to take them to the Mountain pit, which will be executed to all.

Epilogue

Through this process, which the witnesses of the time was named as the top end of the show, Enver Hoxha sought to expose and exterminate the true democratic opposition, ending the free expression of opinion. Unbridled propaganda presented them to the people, as enemies who had collaborated with criminals and foreign agjenturat. With these sensational trials by makabriteti, communist dictatorship sought to quench forever any hope for democracy or pluralism attempted to Albanians. And this continued for 45 years.

60 years ago, October 10, 1947, at 3 after midnight, acting with the quality of the prosecutor, went way up in prison, received the death convicts, members:

• Shefqet Beja (by hanging on rope)
• Riza Alizoti (by hanging on rope)
• Sulo Klosi (by hanging on rope)
• Selaudin Toto (by hanging on rope)
• Ibrahim Karbunara
• Paolo Saggioti
• Agathokli Xhitoni
• Mehmet Prishtina
• Abdul Kokoshi
• Beqir Çela
• Salim Kokalari (by hanging on rope)
• Tefik Deliallisi
• Irfan Majuni (by hanging on rope)
• Pertef Karagjozi
• Enver Sazani (by hanging on rope)
• Hysen Shehu

Life imprisonment were sentenced:

• Foto Bala
• Ramazan Tabaku
• Rram Marku
• Gjovalin Vlashi

With 20 years in prison were sentenced:

• Shefki Minarolli
• Rustem Sharra
• Xhevat Xhafa

With 15 years in prison was sentenced:

• Sulo Konjari
• Niko Çeta
• Nexhat Hysejni
• Mustafa Iljazi
• Thoma Rino
• Josif Pashko

See also

• List of massacres in Albania

References

1. ^ http://www.zemrashqiptare.net/article/Historia/4580/
2. ^ Gazeta 55, Dossier, 16-17