Barbara Frale

Barbara Frale (born on 24 February 1970) is an Italian paleographer at the Vatican Secret Archives. Frale has written books about the Templars and she has a special interest in the history of the Shroud of Turin. In September 2001, she found an authentic copy of the Chinon Parchment.^[1]

Biography

She was born in Viterbo on 24 February 1970. She attended the University of Studies of Tuscia-Viterbo and she was the first graduated in Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Italy.^[2] Her thesis in Medieval History, which is based on the examination of more than 7000 notary documents of the XIV century, was published by the scientific publisher Vecchiarelli of Manziana^[3] (Orte 1303-1363. La città sul fiume, Manziana 1995), winning the first prize “Costantino Pavan”, town of San Donà di Piave,^[4] both for the section “unpublished works” and “degree thesis”. After her graduation she co-operated with the Civic Museum of Viterbo and with the Government Office for the Archivist Heritage of Lazio. In 1996 she obtained a post-degree specialization in Paleography, Diplomatics and Archival Science at the School of the Vatican Secret Archives, and in 1998 she obtained also the specialization in Greek Paleography. In the year 2000 she obtained the Doctorate in “History of the European Society” at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. Always in 2000 she got a scholarship from the Historic Germanic Institute in Rome (Deutsches Historisches Institut in Rom). Since October 2001 she has been working as Paleographist at the Vatican Secret Archives.^[5]

Works and publications

See also: Chinon Parchment

In 2001 she published for the scientific publisher Viella of Rome part of the results of her Doctorate thesis, developed from the documents of the process against the Templars (Lʼultima battaglia dei Templari. Dal codice ombra dʼobbedienza militare alla costruzione del processo per eresia): her theory is that in the bill of indictment brought by the King of France Philip IV the Fair, which was shown in the process, and consequently the order was closed, there was a series of real facts suitably distorted by the current affairs direction in order to build up an indictment of heresy, the only kind of crime the order did not enjoy the total immunity. Templars’ fault, according to the author, was not the heresy but a secret ritual of admission as a military obedience test containing vilification acts against the religion.

In 2002 she published for Viella of Rome the essay Il Papato e il processo ai Templari. L’inedita assoluzione di Chinon alla luce della diplomatica pontificia, where she analyses and debates the content of a parchment kept in the Secret Vatican Archives and neglected for a long time by historians, which keeps the acts of an inquiry held by three plenipotentiary cardinals of Pope Clement V into the last Great Master of the Templars Jacques de Molay and other members of the Staff of the order, who were shut in the Castle of Chinon by the king Philip the Fair. Consequently, having the chiefs of the Templars begged the Church’s forgiveness, the Pope granted them the absolution. The study of the parchment of Chinon attracted some international historians’ attention.^[6]

The results of this research were then shown in the essay edited by Il Mulino, I Templari, Bologna 2004, which received positive remarks on the cultural pages of different Italian and foreign newspapers and was translated in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish and Czech.^[7] The book got a positive review by Umberto Eco,^[8] who called the author to draw up a chapter on the Templars inside the encyclopaedia about the Middle Age, of which he is the editor.^[9] Some theories supported by Frale are welcomed by experts of history of the Templars, among them Malcolm Barber,^[10] Alain Demurger,^[11] Franco Cardini and Simonetta Gerrini, pupil of Alain Demurger.

On 25 October 2007, the Vatican decided to publish a valuable reproduction of some of the most important documents of the process against the Templars, among those the famous parchment of Chinon, in the collection of Exemplaria Praetiosa; Frale wrote the historical introduction to the edition of the documents.

In June 2009, Frale published, always for Il Mulino, another essay dedicated to the Templars, I Templari e la sindone di Cristo, where she debates some documents concerning the mysterious idol, which was used during the process as charge against the order to accuse the order itself of idolatry, being actually a particular image of Christ dead, which has similar characteristics to the Shroud of Turin.

In November of the same year another essay, La sindone di Gesù Nazareno, Il Mulino (historical Library) followed the above mentioned volume, where Frale examines some presumed sketches of writing discovered on the shroud in 1998 by a team of French scientists, experts in analysis of marks of the Institut Superieur d’Optique d’Orsay – Paris; comparing them with other ancient documents and inscriptions, Frale assumes that those writings have the characters of a burial document of the 1st century; a fact that obviously would make people think about the shroud of Turin as authentic. This essay received the national prize "Torre di Castruccio" for the year 2010, section of Letter, and the National Cultural Prize “Brava Barbara!” promoted by the Cultural Association “Santa Barbara nel mondo” of Rieti.^[12] It has been translated in French (Bayard, Paris 2010) and in English (Maveryck house publishers). In April 2010, Frale published for the Libreria Editrice Vaticana, the historical essay La Sindone e il ritratto di Cristo, and on the 2nd of May she carried out the historical comment broadcasted live from the Dome of Turin, linked up to the Mass celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI on the occasion of his pilgrimage to the shroud.^[13]

Death certificate of Jesus

In November 2009 Barbara Frale claimed that she had discovered the burial certificate of "Jesus of Nazareth" on the Shroud of Turin, and that the date was in accord with the Gospel records.^[14] Frale stated that her reconstruction of the text reads:

"In the year 16 of the reign of the Emperor Tiberius Jesus the Nazarene, taken down in the early evening after having been condemned to death by a Roman judge because he was found guilty by a Hebrew authority, is hereby sent for burial with the obligation of being consigned to his family only after one full year".

Since Tiberius became emperor after the death of Octavian Augustus in AD 14, the 16th year of his reign would be within the span of the years AD 30 to 31.^[14][15]

Frale's methodology has been criticized, partly based on the objection that the writings are too faint to see.^[16][17][18]

Recognition

Her book on the Templars and the Turin Shroud received the National Cultural Prize “Foemina d’oro” of the Cultural Association “La vecchia Lizza” of Marina di Carrara^[19] for the year 2009; in July 2010 it was translated in Portuguese (Edições, Lisboa) and in English (Maverick house publishers).

Bibliography

• Le pergamene dell'Archivio comunale di Bolsena. Mostra documentaria, Bolsena: Dromos, 1994
• Orte 1303-1367. La città sul fiume, Manziana: Vecchiarelli, 1995 - ISBN 88-85316-57-3
• L'ultima battaglia dei Templari. Dal codice ombra d'obbedienza militare alla costruzione del processo per eresia, Roma: Viella, 2001 - ISBN 888334037X
• Strategia di un delitto. Filippo il Bello e il cerimoniale segreto dei Templari, Firenze: Giunti, 2001 - ISBN 88-090-2052-9
• Il papato e il processo ai Templari. L'inedita assoluzione di Chinon alla luce della Diplomatica pontificia, Roma: Viella, 2003 - ISBN 88-8334-098-1
• I Templari, Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004 - ISBN 88-150-9798-8 , (The Templars, The Secret History Revealed, Arcade Publisher, 2009)
• I Templari e la sindone di Cristo, Bologna: Il Mulino, 2009 - ISBN 978-88-15-13157-7 (The Templars and the Shroud of Christ, Maverick House, 2011. ISBN 1905379730)
• La sindone di Gesù Nazareno, Bologna: Il Mulino, 2009

References

1. ^ Barbara Frale, “The Chinon chart: Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay”, Journal of Medieval History, 30,.2, April 2004, pp. 109–134 Abstract
2. ^ University of Studies of Tuscia-Viterbo, matr. 985, Reg. 190/1/1
3. ^ http://www.vecchiarellieditore.com/
4. ^ http://www.ronchiato.it/sandona/comune/pavan.html
5. ^ University “Ca’ Foscari” of Venice, Nr. 5/DR; Vatican School of Paleography, Diplomatics and Archival Science, Course of Paleography Diplomatics and Archival Science, Reg. N. 577; Course of Greek Paleography, Reg. N. 173; Deutsches Historische Institut im Rom, N. 2103-54/06 mc; Lʼattività della Santa Sede nel 2001, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 2002, 1100-1106; Lʼattività della Santa Sede nel 2002, Città del Vaticano 2003, 1140-1142.
6. ^ The Chinon Parchment. Papal absolution to the last Templar Master Jacques de Molay, "The Journal of History", 30 (2004), 109-134; Du catharisme à la sorcellerie: les inquisiteurs du Midi dans le pròces des templiers, in Les ordres religieux militaires dans le Midi (XIIe-XIVe siècle), par A. Demurger, "Cahiers de Fanjeaux", 41 (2006), 169-186.
7. ^ Madras Editora Ldta, Santana 2005; Éditions Belin, 2008; Alianza Editorial, Madrid 2008; Świat Książki, Warszawa 2008, Arcade Publishing New York 2009; Argo, Praha 2009.
8. ^ U. Eco, Templari attendibili, La bustina di Minerva, "L'Espresso", 2 December 2004, p. 254
9. ^ Umberto Eco, Il Medioevo. Cattedrali, Cavalieri, Città , Encyclomedia Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9788820983895
10. ^ M.C. Barber, The Trial of the Templars, Second Edition, "Cambridge University Press", Cambridge 2007, p. 306, 322, 333.
11. ^ A. Demurger, Chevaliers du Christ. Les ordres religieux-militaires au Moyen Âge, XIe-XVIe siècle, Éditions du Seuil, Paris 2002, p. 223
12. ^ http://www.comune.rieti.it/portalerieti/Evidenza/depliant%20santabarbara2010.pdf
13. ^ Broadcasted in eurovision on RAI Vatican, live with Giuseppe De Carli and Orazio Coclite.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Death certificate is imprinted on the Shroud of Turin, says Vatican scholar", Times of London, Richard Owen, 21 November 2009 [1]
15. ^ Daily Telegraph: "Jesus Christ's 'death certificate' found on Turin Shroud" [2]
16. ^ The Jesus Inquest: The Case for and Against the Resurrection of the Christ by Charles Foster 2011 ISBN 0849948118 Appendix 2: The Turin Shroud
17. ^ Poulle, Emmanuel, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, 2009/3-4, pp. 747–782, abstract. Retrieved on 24 October 2010.
18. ^ Vallerani, Massimo, "I templari e la Sindone: l'"ipotetica della falsità" e l'invenzione della storia", Historia Magistra, 2, 2009, abstract. Retrieved on 24 October 2010.
19. ^ http://www.lavecchializza.it/storia.html.

Persondata
Name	Frale, Barbara
Alternative names
Short description	Italian historian
Date of birth	24 February 1970
Place of birth	Viterbo, Italy
Date of death
Place of death