Schema crosswalk

A crosswalk is a table that shows equivalent elements (or "fields") in more than one database schema. It maps the elements in one schema to the equivalent elements in another schema.

For example, this is a metadata crosswalk from MARC to Dublin Core:

MARC field		Dublin Core element
260$c (Date of publication, distribution, etc.)	→	Date.Created
522 (Geographic Coverage Note)	→	Coverage.Spatial
300$a (Physical Description)	→	Format.Extent

Crosswalks show people where to put the data from one scheme into a different scheme. They are often used by libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions to translate data to or from MARC, Dublin Core, TEI, and other metadata schemes. For example, say an archive has a MARC record in their catalog describing a manuscript. If the archive makes a digital copy of that manuscript and wants to display it on the web along with the information from the catalog, it will have to translate the data from the MARC catalog record into a different format such as MODS that is viewable in a webpage. Because MARC has different fields than MODS, decisions must be made about where to put the data into MODS. This type of "translating" from one format to another is often called "metadata mapping" or "field mapping," and is related to "data mapping," and "semantic mapping."

Crosswalks also have several technical capabilities. They help databases using different metadata schemes to share information. They help metadata harvesters create union catalogs. They enable search engines to search multiple databases simultaneously with a single query.

Challenges for crosswalks

One of the biggest challenges for crosswalks is that no two metadata schemes are 100% equivalent. One scheme may have a field that doesn't exist in another scheme, or it may have a field that is split into two different fields in another scheme; this is why you often lose data when mapping from a complex scheme to a simpler one. For example, when mapping from MARC to Simple Dublin Core, you lose the distinction between types of titles:

MARC field		Dublin Core element
210 Abbreviated Title	→	Title
222 Key Title	→	Title
240 Uniform Title	→	Title
242 Translated Title	→	Title
245 Title Statement	→	Title
246 Variant Title	→	Title

Simple Dublin Core only has one single "Title" element so all of the different types of MARC titles get lumped together without any further distinctions. This is called "many-to-one" mapping. This is also why, once you've translated these titles into Simple Dublin Core you can't translate them back into MARC. Once they're Simple Dublin Core you've lost the MARC information about what types of titles they are so when you map from Simple Dublin Core back to MARC, all the data in the "Title" element maps to the basic MARC 245 Title Statement field.^[1]

Dublin Core element		MARC field
Title	→	245 Title Statement
Title	→	245 Title Statement
Title	→	245 Title Statement
Title	→	245 Title Statement
Title	→	245 Title Statement
Title	→	245 Title Statement

This is why crosswalks are said to be "lateral" (one-way) mappings from one scheme to another. Separate crosswalks would be required to map from scheme A to scheme B and from scheme B to scheme A.^[2]

Difficulties in mapping

Other mapping problems arise when:

• One scheme has one element that needs to be split up with different parts of it placed in multiple other elements in the second scheme ("one-to-many" mapping)

• One scheme allows an element to be repeated more than once while another only allows that element to appear once with multiple terms in it

• Schemes have different data formats (eg: John Doe or Doe, John)

• An element in one scheme is indexed but the equivalent element in the other scheme is not

• Schemes may use different controlled vocabularies

• Schemes change their standards over time

Some of these problems are simply not fixable. As Karen Coyle says in "Crosswalking Citation Metadata: The University of California's Experience,"

"The more metadata experience we have, the more it becomes clear that metadata perfection is not attainable, and anyone who attempts it will be sorely disappointed. When metadata is crosswalked between two or more unrelated sources, there will be data elements that cannot be reconciled in an ideal manner. The key to a successful metadata crosswalk is intelligent flexibility. It is essential to focus on the important goals and be willing to compromise in order to reach a practical conclusion to projects."^[3]

Examples

MARC to Dublin Core (Library of Congress) http://loc.gov/marc/marc2dc.html

Dublin Core to MARC21 (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/marc/dccross.html

Dublin Core to UNIMARC (UKOLN) http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/interoperability/dc_unimarc.html

TEI to and from MARC http://purl.oclc.org/NET/teiinlibraries

FGDC to USMARC (Alexandria) http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/public-documents/metadata/fgdc2marc.html

ONIX to MARC21 (LC) http://www.loc.gov/marc/onix2marc.html

VRA to MARC (Indiana University) http://php.indiana.edu/%7Efryp/marcmap.html

Metadata Mappings (MIT Library) http://libraries.mit.edu/guides/subjects/metadata/mappings.html

Mapping Between Metadata formats (UKOLN) http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/interoperability/

International Metadata Standard Mappings (Academia Sinica) http://www.sinica.edu.tw/%7Emetadata/standard/mapping-foreign_eng.htm

See also

• Meta tag
• Metadata
• Database

References

1. ^ "Dublin Core to MARC Crosswalk," Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress
2. ^ "Metadata Fundamentals for All Librarians," Priscilla Caplan, American Library Association, Chicago, 2003, p.39
3. ^ in "Metadata in Practice" Diane I. Hillmann and Elaine L. Westbrooks, eds., American Library Association, Chicago, 2004, p. 91.

External links

• "Metadata Crosswalk Depository" (SchemaTrans)(OCLC)
• "Mapping Between Metadata Formats" (UKOLN)
• "Crosswalks the Path to Universal Access?" (Getty)
• "Metadata Interoperability and Standardization - A Study of Methodology Part I" (D-Lib)