Counter-hegemonic globalization

Counter-hegemonic globalization is a form of globalization that operates from a bottom-up process that stresses the empowerment of the local. The project of counter-hegemonic globalization is a reaction to alternative forms of globalization, specifically the neoliberal form. It emerged mainly as a result of neoliberal policies and Structural Adjustment Programs in Latin America in the 1980s. There are three primary pillars that constitute counter-hegemonic globalization: transnational advocacy networks, transnational labour/ consumer networks and the labour movement. Peter Evans and Boaventura de Sousa Santos remain two prominent theorists who have contributed to the theory.

Countries that instil Counter-hegemonic globalization

Venezuela: Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution has stressed anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist and anti-American policies. In response to the strong rhetoric and the policies that align with the aforementioned revolution, counter-hegemonic globalization was a natural transition toward an alternative form of globalization. In addition to the three pillars of counter-hegemonic globalization, communal councils have also played a role in restructuring the process of globalization in the country. They have done this by empowering local governments to function democratically, and at the same time strongly collectively. The labour movement in Venezuela since Chavez's election has largely stressed the role of Cooperatives. Co-operatives function on egalitarianism and democracy to operate. They are attempting to act counter-hegemonically by restructuring the division between intellectual and manual labour, which historically have created situations of exploitation.