Communication rights

Rationale

Communication is recognised as an essential human need and, therefore, as a basic human right. Without it, no individual or community can exist, or prosper. Communication enables meanings to be exchanged, propels people to act and makes them who and what they are. Communication strengthens human dignity and validates human equality. Communication is both genetically universally inherent to being human but also has a cultural aspect. Thus, individuals are universally born with the ability to learn a language but the language they learn is determined by the culture in which they are born. Consequently, communication is a basic universal right that also recognizes cultural diversity. By recognising, implementing and protecting communication rights, we are recognising, implementing and protecting all other human rights.

History

The concept of the right to communicate began in 1969 with Jean D’Arcy, a pioneer in French and European television in the 1950s and by 1969 Director of the United Nations Radio and Visual Services Division where he was involved in international policy discussions arising out of the recent innovations in satellite global communications. He recognized that the communicaiton rights relating to freedom of expression embodied in the U. N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)adopted in 1948 would need to be re-examined in the context of global, interactive communicaiton between individuals and communities. He called for the need for the recognition of a human right to communicate that would encompass earlier established rights. He thus was the first to link communication and universal human rights. His call was taken up by academics, policy experts, and public servants who evolved into the Right to Communicate Group, the many non-governmental and civil society organisations that made up the Platform for Co-operation on Communication and Democratisation, and the Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS) Campaign.

The first broad-based debate on media and communication globally, limited mainly to governments, ran for a decade from the mid-1970s. Governments of the South, by then a majority in the UN, began voicing demands in UNESCO concerning media concentration, the flow of news, and ‘cultural imperialism’. The MacBride Report (1981) studied the problem, articulating a general ‘right to communicate’. The debate was compromised, however, by Cold War rhetoric, and fell apart after the US and the UK pulled out of UNESCO.

The ‘MacBride Report’ became unavailable until the World Association for Christian Communication (WACC) sponsored its republication in 1988. WACC held the secretariat of the CRIS Campaign 2000-05.

Interest in the right to communicate languished during the 1980s as there was no mass movement to promote it for the simple reason few people had direct experience with interactive communication over global electronic networks. This situation changed dramatically in the 1990s with a cluster of innovations that included the Internet, the World Wide Web, search engines, availability of personal computers, and social networking. As more people participated in interactive communication and the many challenges it raised in regard to such communication rights as free of speech, privacy, and freedom of information, they began to develop a growing consciousness of the importance of such rights to their ability to communicate.

A result of this growing communicative consciousness is a renewed research interest in and political advocacy for a right to communicate (see references). From the 1990s onwards NGOs and activists became increasingly active in a variety of communication issues, from community media, to language rights, to copyright, to Internet provision and free and open source software. These coalesced in a number of umbrella groups tackling inter-related issues from which the pluralistic notion of communication rights began to take shape, this time from the ground up.

Four Pillars of Communication Rights

Each Pillar [of Communication Rights] relates to a different domain of social existence, experience and practice, in which communication is a core activity and performs key functions. The rational for the four [pillars is,] that each involves a relatively autonomous sphere of social action, yet depends on the others for achieving its ultimate goal - they are necessary interlocking blocks in the struggle to achieve communication rights. Action can be coherently pursued under, each, often in collaboration with other social actors concerned with the area more generally; while bridges can and must be built to the other areas if the goal is to be achieved. ^[1]

Communicating in the Public Sphere

"[T]he role of communication and media in exercising democratic political participation in society."^[2]

Communication Knowledge

"[T]he terms and means by which knowledge generated by society is communicated, or blocked, for use by different groups."^[2]

Civil Rights in Communication

"[T]he exercise of civil rights relating to the processes of communication in society."^[2]

Cultural Rights in Communication

"[T]he communication of diverse cultures, cultural forms and identities at the individual and social levels."^[2]

Right to communicate vs. Communication rights

A ‘right to communicate’ and ‘communication rights’ are closely related, but not identical, in their history and usage. In the Cold War tensions of the 1970s and 80s, the former became associated with the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) debate, thus, efforts within UNESCO to formulate such a right were abandoned. The latter emphasizes the fact that an array of international rights underpinning communication already exists, but many are too often ignored and require active mobilisation and assertion. While some, especially within the mass media sector, still see the right to communicate as a "code word" for state censorship,the technological innovations in interactive electronic, global communication of recent decades are seen by others as challenging the traditional mass media structures and formulations of communication rights values arising from them, thereby renewing the need to re-consider the need for a right to communicate. These issues are explored more fully in Raboy's and Shtern,s Media Divides: Communication rights and the right to communicate in Canada (2010)and Dakroury, Eid, & Kamalipour, (Eds.), The right to communicate: Historical hopes, global debates, and future premises. (2009).

Notes

1. ^ Ó Siochrú 2005, p. 39
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Ó Siochrú 2005, p. 41

References

• Ó Siochrú, Seán (September 2005) (PDF), Assessing Communication Rights: A Handbook, http://www.crisinfo.org/, retrieved 2009-04-23 
• Birdsall, William. F. (2006). A right to communicate as an open work. Media Development. 53(1): 41-46. http://www.wacc.org.uk/wacc/publications/media_development/2006_1/a_right-to -communicate_as-an-open-work.
• d’Arcy, Jean. (1969). Direct broadcast satellites and the right to communicate. EBU Rview. 118(1969) 14-18; reprinted in L.S. Harms, J. Richstad, K. A. Kie. Editors. The Right to Communicate: Collected Papers. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1977.
• Dakroury, Aiaa., Eid Mahmoud, & Yahya R. Kamalipour, (Eds.), (2009). The right to communicate: Historical hopes, global debates, and future premises. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
• Fisher, D. (2002). Right to Communicate: a New Beginning. http:www.righttocommunicate.org.
• Hamelink, Cees J & Julia Hoffmann. (2008). The state of the right to communicate. Global Media Journal: American Edition, 7(Fall). http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa08/gmj-fa08-hamelink-hoffman.htm
• Hicks, D. (2007). The Right to communicate: Past mistakes and future possibilities. Dalhousie Journal of Information and Management 3(1).
• http://djim.management.dal.ca/issues/issue3_1/hicks/index.htm.
• McIver, W. Jr., Birdsall, W., & Rasmussen, M. (2003). The Internet and the right to communicate. First Monday 8, (12)> http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1102/1022.
• Raboy, M. & Shtern, J. (2010). Media divides: Communication rights and the right to communicate in Canada. UBC Press: Vancouver, BC.

External links

• CRIS Campaign homepage
• Centre for Communication Rights
• Right to Communicate Group