- Lion-tailed macaque
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Lion-tailed macaque[1] 
Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Genus: Macaca Species: M. silenus Binomial name Macaca silenus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Lion-tailed Macaque range Synonyms The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is an Old World monkey that is endemic to the Western Ghats of South India.
Contents
Physical Characteristics
The hair of the lion-tailed macaque is dark brown or black. Its outstanding characteristic is the silver-white mane which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin, which gives this monkey its German name of "Beard Ape". The hairless face is black colored. With a head-to-tail length of 45 to 60 cm and a weight of 3 to 10 kg, it ranks among the smaller macaques. The tail is medium length with a length of approximately 25 cm and is a black tuft at the end, similar to a lion's tail. The male's tail-tuft is more developed than that of the female.
Gestation is approximately six months. The young are nursed for one year. Sexual maturity is reached at four years for females, six years for males. The life expectancy in the wild is approximately 20 years, while in captivity up to 30 years.[3]
Behavior
The lion-tailed macaque is a diurnal rain forest dweller. It is a good climber and spends a majority of its life in the upper canopy of tropical moist evergreen forests. Unlike other macaques, it avoids humans. In group behavior, it is much like other macaques: it lives in hierarchical groups of usually ten to twenty animals, which consist of few males and many females. It is a territorial animal, defending its area first with loud cries towards the invading troops. If this proves fruitless, it brawls aggressively.
Lion-tailed macaque behaviour is characterized by typical patterns such as arboreal living, selectively feeding on a large variety of fruit trees, large inter-individual spaces while foraging, and time budgets with high proportion of time devoted to exploration and feeding.[4] The lion-tailed macaque primarily eat indigenous fruits, leaves, buds, insects and small vertebrates in virgin forest but can adapt to rapid environmental change in areas of massive selective logging through behavioural modifications and broadening of food choices to include fruits, seeds, shoots, pith, flower, cone, mesocarp, and other parts of many non-indigenous and pioneer plants.[4]
Lion-tailed macaque in Anamalai hills
Population
A recent assessment for IUCN reports 3000-3500 of these animals live scattered over several areas in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu[5]. The lion-tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates. Their range has become increasingly isolated and fragmented by the spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and cinchona, construction of water reservoirs for irrigation and power generation, and human settlements to support such activities. They don't live, feed or travel through plantations. Destruction of their habitat and the fact that they avoid human proximity, has led to the drastic decrease of their population.
During 1977 to 1980, public concern about the endangerment of lion-tailed macaque became the focal point of Save Silent Valley, India's fiercest environmental debate of the decade. During 1993 to 1996, fourteen troops of lion-tailed macaques were observed in Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, one of the most undisturbed viable habitats left for the lion-tailed macaque.[6] A self-sustainable single population of 32 groups of lion-tailed macaques occurred in Sirsi-Honnavara, Karnataka, the northernmost population of the species.[7] A local census concluded in 2007, conducted in the Theni District of Tamil Nadu, put their numbers at around 250, which was considered encouraging, because till then, there had not been any records of lion-tailed macaques in that specific area.[8] Many zoos take part in breeding programs which help to secure the survival of this species. 368 of these macaques are reported to live in zoos.[3]
References
- ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 164. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100561.
- ^ Kumar, A., Singh, M. & Molur, S. (2008). Macaca silenus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 4 January 2009.
- ^ a b Lion-tailed Macaque "Article - World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), Virtual Zoo"". http://www.waza.org/virtualzoo/factsheet.php?id=106-008-003-010&view=Monkeys&main=virtualzoo Lion-tailed Macaque.
- ^ a b Singh Mewa and Kaumanns Werner (2005-10-10). "Behavioural studies: A necessity for wildlife management". Current Science 89 (7): 1233. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct102005/1230.pdf.
- ^ Molur S, D Brandon-Jones, W Dittus, A. Eudey, A. Kumar, M. Singh, M.M. Feeroz, M. Chalise, P. Priya & S. Walker (2003). Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore
- ^ Ramachandran, K. K.; Joseph, Gigi, K. (2001). "Distribution and demography of diurnal primates in Silent Valley National Park and adjacent areas, Kerala, India" ([dead link]). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 98 (2): 191–196. http://trophort.com/010/482/010482224.html.
- ^ Singh Mewa and Kaumanns Werner (October 2004). "Distribution and Abundance of Primates in Rain Forests of the Western Ghats, Karnataka, India and the Conservation of Macaca silenus". International Journal of Primatology 25 (5): abstract. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043348.06255.7f. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u764n60121272h4m/.
- ^ "Article-"Nilgiri Tahr, lion-tailed macaque sighted in Theni district"". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 9 May 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/09/stories/2007050903360200.htm.
External links
- ARKive - images and movies of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus)
- The Knights of the Forest - Photo-essay of Lion-tailed macaque
Categories:- IUCN Red List endangered species
- Mammals of Asia
- Mammals of India
- Cercopithecine monkeys
- Animals described in 1758
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