Hilleviones

thumb|right| Front page of a 1669 edition of Pliny's "Naturalis Historia".The Hilleviones were a people occupying an island called "Scatinavia" in the first century AD, according to the Roman geographer Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historia (Book 4, Chapter 27), written circa 77 AD. Pliny's Scatinavia is generally believed to have referred to the Scandinavian peninsula, which in the first century AD had not yet been fully explored by the Romans and was therefore described as an island. Pliny wrote that it was an island "of a magnitude as yet unascertained".Translations from Latin to English as per "Natural History. Pliny the Elder." Editions and translations: English. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.] The Hilleviones lived in the only part of the island that was known, and according to Pliny, they thought of their 500 villages as a separate ("alterum") world.

Pliny's description

Along the route to Scatinavia, as described by Pliny, were unexplored islands with people who were rumoured to have "ears of such extraordinary size as to cover the rest of the body, which is otherwise left naked". On neighboring islands, "human beings are produced with the feet of horses", Pliny wrote. Leaving these unfamiliar lands behind, a traveller will enter the nation of the Ingaevones in Germania, where, according to Pliny, "we begin to have some information upon which more implicit reliance can be placed". In this more familiar territory is a mountain range called "Saevo", which stretches all the way to a large promontory called Cimbri ("Cimbrorum"), which ends in a gulf called Codanus. It is here, in this gulf, that the island of Scatinavia can be found.

The section that mentions the Hilleviones is short:

:"Incipit deinde clarior aperiri fama ab gente Inguaeonum, quae est prima in Germania. mons Saevo ibi, inmensus ad Cimbrorum usque promunturium efficit sinum, qui Codanus vocatur, refertus insulis, quarum clarissima est Scatinavia, inconpertae magnitudinis, portionem tantum eius, quod notum sit, Hillevionum gente quingentis incolente pagis: quare alterum orbem terrarum eam appellant. nec minor est opinione Aeningia."

:(Leaving these, we come to the nation of the Ingævones, the first in Germany. In their country is an immense mountain called Sevo, not less than those of the Riphæan range, and which forms an immense gulf along the shore as far as the Promontory of the Cimbri. This gulf, which has the name of the 'Codanian,' is filled with islands; the most famous among which is Scandinavia, of a magnitude as yet unascertained: the only portion of it at all known is inhabited by the nation of the Hilleviones, who dwell in 500 villages, and call it a second world: it is generally supposed that the island of Eningia is of not less magnitude.)

In another chapter of "Naturalis Historia", Pliny mentions some islands called "Scandiae" (Book 4, Chapter 104) which he does not locate, but which is generally considered to also be part of the Scandinavian region.

candinavian tribes in other sources

All the classical geographers who wrote about this region during the first six centuries AD name different tribes as the inhabitants of the main Scandinavian "island". Shortly before Pliny, Pomponius Mela wrote about "Codannovia" (also assumed to be Scandinavia) where a tribe called the Teutoni could be found. In Tacitus's Germania from around 98 AD, tribes called the Sitones and the Suiones are mentioned as inhabitants in neighboring lands. ["Upon the Suiones, border the people Sitones; and, agreeing with them in all other things, differ from them in one, that here the sovereignty is exercised by a woman." ("Tacitus Germania". Clarendon Ancient History Series. Translated by James Boykin Rives. Oxford University Press, 1999.)] The Suiones are described as living "in the sea", which has generally been interpreted as meaning "living on an island". [Some modern scholars, such as Tuomo Pekkanen, Emeritus Professor of Latin Philology at the University of Jyväskylä (Finland), president of the The Academia Latinitati Fovendae (Italy), have located the Suiones on the south-eastern Baltic coast and nearby islands instead. See Pekkanen, Tuomo (1968). "The Ethnic Origin of the Doulosporoi"." Arctos, Acta Philologica Fennica", Supplementum I; Helsinki, 1968.] The area described by Tacitus has therefore sometimes been treated as being the equivalent of Pliny's island Scatinavia, although variants on Scandiae and Scandinavia are not names used by Tacitus for this region.

In the second century AD, Ptolemy mentions four islands of "Skandiai" in his Geographia. On the largest island, Skandia , can be found seven different tribes, including the Geats ("Goutai") and the Daukiones, but none of the seven tribes mentioned by Ptolemy [According to Ptolemy. Geog. II.II.XI.16, they were: Chaidenoi, Phavonai, Phiraisoi, Phinnoi, Goutai, Daukiones and Leuonoi.] occur in the writings of the two earlier geographers as inhabitants of the island.

Some 20th century scholars, including the American etymologist Kemp Malone (1889—1971), have argued that the reason for the differences between Pliny, Tacitus and Ptolemy when it comes to names and tribes is that their informants came from different regions, mainly familiar with the parts of Scandinavia closest to their own location: "The name "Scadinavia" (with its variant forms) reached the classical world through western sources, and [...] Tacitus, whose information about the North came from the east, knows nothing of the name, in contradistinction to Pliny, who got his information from the west."Malone, Kemp (1924). "Ptolemy's Skandia". "The American Journal of Philology", Vol. 45, No. 4, 1924, pp. 364-365.] Malone goes on to argue that Ptolemy also based his account about the island Skandia and its Scandinavian tribes on western sources, and that this is the reason that Ptolemy does not have any Suiones or "Swedes" among the tribes on Skandia, but may instead have placed them among the tribes on the southeastern Baltic coast.

In the 6th century AD, Jordanes wrote that among the many tribes inhabiting the island of "Scandza" were the "Suehans" and the "Hallins". By the early ninth century AD the name "Suehans" was being used for Swedes, although, according to the scholar James Boykin Rives, "it is very difficult to assess the degree of ethnic continuity here, since it was a common practice in Carolingian times as well as earlier to apply old names to new people."Rives, J. B. (1999). "Tacitus Germania". Clarendon Ancient History Series. Translated with introduction and commentary by James Boykin Rives. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0199240000, p. 312.]

Interpretations of the name

Since the name "Hilleviones" only appear in Pliny, several attempts have been made to connect the name with different tribes mentioned in other classical texts and with different ethnic groups of the modern era. A solution offered by some late 19th century and early 20th century scholars is that "Hilleviones" is a corruption of the phrase "ille" and "(S)uiones", but this approach requires an alteration of the original text. (Similar references to "textual errors" or "corruption of the archetype manuscript" were also used by early 20th century scholars in order to equate Ptolemy's "Leuonoi" with the "Suiones" mentioned by Tacitus. [J. V. Svensson (1919). "Namn och Bygd", p. 12. Qtd in Kendrick, T.D. (1930). "A History of the Vikings", Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, ISBN 9780486433967, p. 71: "by misreading ÁC as LE and IO as W LEUWNOI is produced at once, and this without exaggerating the ordinary chances of such textual error if the archetype manuscript were written, as is almost certain, in uncials. This is the ingenious suggestion of J. V. Svensson"] ).

Another idea is that the Hilleviones were an early population of Halland in Sweden. This idea is based on discussions about a common root in the two names ["Nordisk familjebok" (1883). 1800-talsutgåvan, 6. [http://runeberg.org/nfaf/0623.html Grimsby - Hufvudskatt] , p. 1237-1238. In Swedish. Retrieved 11 September 2007.] and suggestions that the tribe name has been preserved in the name of the province. [ [http://books.reseau.org/en/page7524-59.htm Footnote 245] in "The Germany and the Agricola of Tacitus: The Oxford Translation, Revised With Notes", p.59.] If so, the Hilleviones could be the same as the "Hallin", of Scandza, who are mentioned by Jordanes. Hilleviones could be segmented Hill-eviones, where the -eviones would have the same etymology as for the Auiones. The Hil-or Hal- therefore would represent the name of the people. Other scholars have suggested a possible connection to the Helveconae of the southern Baltic coast.

Finding ways to equate Pliny's Hilleviones, Tacitus' Suiones and Jordanes' Suehans was a goal pursued with special vigor in the 17th century by the Rudbeckians of the Swedish Hyperborean School, [Lundgreen-Nielsen, Flemming. "Nordic language history and the history of ideas I: Humanism". In "The Nordic Languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages". Eds. Oskar Bandle et al., Vol I. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2002. ISBN 3110148765, p. 358: "The term 'hyperborean' has been taken from odes by Pindar and Horace, literally meaning 'people living north of the north wind (Boreas). [Olaus Verelius, the founder] perpetuated Johannes Magnus' viewpoint that human culture began in Sweden with the Goths; [...] The height of the nationalistic theory of Gothic origins can be found in the work of Olof Rudbeck".] who hoped to show that Sweden was not only the home of the original Goths, but also the "womb of mankind".Stadius, Peter (2001). [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/ostseekolleg/virtual/online_pdf/paper3.pdf "Southern Perspectives on the North: Legends, Stereotypes, Images and Models"] . BaltSeaNet Working Paper 3, The Baltic Sea Area Studies, Gdansk/Berlin, 2001. Online version retrieved 24 February 2007.] In the center of this movement was Uppsala professor and poly-scientist Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1702), whose work is described by Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen, professor, Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen as follows: "By means of fantastical etymologies and bold combinations of historical and scientific facts, Olaus Rudbeck showed that Sweden was the cradle of mankind and all early civilization, identifiable with Plato's lost continent of Atlantis. He considered the Swedish language to be the mother of all other tongues and saw Greek and Roman mythology as distorted versions of now-lost Swedish proto-myths." [Lundgreen-Nielsen, Flemming. "Nordic language history and the history of ideas I: Humanism". In "The Nordic Languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages". Eds. Oskar Bandle et al., Vol I. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2002. ISBN 3110148765, p. 358.] The efforts to construct a long, glorious history for Sweden became a political aim at the time of the Thirty Years War and culminated with the era of Swedish expansionism. [Ohlsson, Stig Örjan (2001). "Outline of research in Nordic Language history before 1800". In "The Nordic Languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages". Eds. Oskar Bandle et al., Vol I. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2002. ISBN 3110148765, p. 66: " [Olaus] Rudbeck's central position in Swedish cultural life, [...] made him a central figure for a group of scholars in Uppsala all working within the paradigm, the so called Rudbeckians, including his son, Olof Rudbeck Jr. To strengthen their theories, even faked 'old' texts were constructed by the Rudbeckians".]

References