Lascaux

Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its prehistoric cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne "département". They contain some of the most well-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 16,000 years old. They primarily consist of realistic images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. In 1979, Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list along with other prehistoric sites in the Vézère valley. [citation
title=Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley
url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/85
publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre]

History

The cave was discovered on 12 September 1940 by four teenagers, Marcel Ravidat, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas, as well as Ravidat's dog, Robot .citation
title=Cave Art
first=Paul G.|last=Bahn
pages=81-85
isbn=0711226555
publisher=Frances Lincoln] Public access was made easier after World War II. By 1955, the carbon dioxide produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings. The cave was closed to the public in 1963 in order to preserve the art. After the cave was closed, the paintings were restored to their original state, and are now monitored on a daily basis. Rooms in the cave include The Great Hall of the Bulls, the Lateral Passage, the Shaft of the Dead Man, the Chamber of Engravings, the Painted Gallery, and the Chamber of Felines.

Lascaux II, a replica of two of the cave halls—the Great Hall of the Bulls and the Painted Gallery—was opened in 1983, 200 meters from the original. Reproductions of other Lascaux artwork can be seen at the Centre of Prehistoric Art at Le Thot, France.

Since the year 2000 the cave has been beset with a fungus, variously blamed on a new air conditioning system that was installed in the caves, the use of high-powered lights, and the presence of too many visitors. [citation
title='Six months to save Lascaux'
first=John|last=Lichfield
newspaper=The Independent
date=12 July 2008
url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/six-months-to-save-lascaux-865819.html] As of 2008, the cave contained black mold which scientists are trying to keep away from the paintings. In January 2008, authorities closed the cave for three months even to scientists and preservationists. A single individual was allowed to enter the cave for 20 minutes once a week to monitor climatic conditions. Now only a few scientific experts are allowed to work inside the cave and just for a few days a month. [citation
url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/30/AR2008063002363.html
title=Debate Over Moldy Cave Art Is a Tale of Human Missteps
first=Molly|last=Moore
newspaper=Washington Post
date=1 July 2008 (requires free registration)]

=The

The cave contains nearly 2,000 figures. Many are too faint to discern, while others have deteriorated. Over 900 can be identified as animals, and 605 of these have been precisely identified. There are also many geometric figures. Of the animals, horses predominate, with 364 images. There are 90 paintings of stags. Also represented are cattle and bison, each representing 4-5% of the images. A smattering of other images include seven felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human. Among the most famous images are four huge, black bulls or aurochs in the Hall of the Bulls. There are no images of reindeer, even though that was the principal source of food for the artists. [Gregory Curtis, "The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists", Knopf, New York, NY, USA, 2006. 1-4000-4348-4, pp. 96-97]

The most famous section of the cave is The Great Hall of the Bulls where bulls, horses and stags are depicted. But it is the four black bulls that are the dominant figures among the 36 animals represented here. One of the bulls is convert|17|ft|m long -- the largest animal discovered so far in cave art. Additionally, the bulls appear to be in motion. [Gregory Curtis, "The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists", Knopf, New York, NY, USA, 2006. 1-4000-4348-4, p. 102]

A painting referred to as "The Crossed Bison" and found in the chamber called the Nave is often held as an example of the skill of the Paleolithic cave painters. The crossed hind legs show the ability to use perspective in a manner that wasn't seen again until the 15th century.

Of the non-figurative images, one researcher has speculated that the painted dots are maps of the night sky, since the patterns correlate with various constellations. [citation
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm
title=Ice Age star map discovered
first=David|last=Whitehouse
publisher=BBC News
date=9 August 2000] An alternative hypothesis proprosed by David Lewis-Williams following work with similar art of the San people of Southern Africa is that this type of art is spiritual in nature relating to visions experienced during ritualistic trance-dancing. These trance visions are a function of the human brain and so are independant of geographical location.

Popular culture

* In Dougal Dixon's "Ice Age Explorer", the seventh book in the "Time Machine" series, the reader has to travel back to the last ice age and identify the animals painted in these caves. [Dixon, Dougal; "Ice Age Explorer" ("Time Machine", No. 7); published 1985 by Bantam Books; p. 106]
* The Lascaux Cave paintings were featured in the Carmen Sandiego episode, "The Cave Art Caper".
* The area around Lascaux and the caves themselves form the setting for the fifth book in the "Earth's Children" series by Jean M. Auel, entitled "The Shelters of Stone".
* Mayfair Games and Phalanx Games released the board game "Lascaux" in 2007. Players compete in auctions for cards depicting the cave art.

References

Further reading

* Gregory Curtis, "The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists", Knopf, New York, NY, USA, 2006. 1-4000-4348-4
* David Lewis-Williams, 'The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art', Thames and Hudson, 0-500-28465-2
* Georges Bataille, "The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture", Zone Books, New York, NY 2005. 1-890951-55-2
*Joseph Nechvatal, "Immersive Excess in the Apse of Lascaux", Technonoetic Arts 3, no3. 2005
* Brigitte and Gilles Delluc, "Discovering Lascaux", Sud Ouest edit., Bordeaux, 2006

ee also

* Pre-historic art
* List of archaeological sites sorted by country
* European archaeology
* List of caves
* Cave painting

External links

* [http://www.culture.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/ Lascaux Cave] Official Lascaux Web site, from the French Ministry of Culture.
* [http://www.showcaves.com/english/fr/showcaves/Lascaux.html Lascaux Cave] some info on the cave and more links