Siege of Alexandria (619)

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Alexandria
partof=the Roman-Persian Wars
date=June 619 [Howard-Johnston (2006), pp. 10, 90]
place=Alexandria, Egypt
result=Sassanid victory
territory=Sassanids capture Egypt
combatant1=East Roman (Byzantine) Empire
combatant2=Sassanid Empire
commander1=Unknown KIA
commander2=ShahrbarazHoward-Johnston (2006), p. 124]
strength1=Unknown
strength2=Unknown
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=UnknownIn the Battle of Alexandria in June 619 AD, the Sassanid Persian Army defeated the East Roman (Byzantine) garrison of the city. The fall of Alexandria, the capital of Roman Egypt, marked the first and most important stage in the Sassanid campaign to conquer this rich province, which eventually fell completely under Persian rule within a couple of years.

Background

The Persian shah, Khosrau II, had taken advantage of the internal turmoil of the East Roman Empire after the overthrow of Emperor Maurice by Phocas to attack the Roman provinces in the East. By 615, the Persians had driven the Romans out of northern Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. Determined to eradicate Roman rule in Asia, Khosrau turned his sight on Egypt, the East Roman Empire's granary.Frye (1993), p. 169]

Fall of Egypt

The Persian invasion of Egypt began either in 617 or 618, but little is known about the particulars of this campaign, since the province was practically cut off from the remaining Roman territories.Dodgeon et.al. (2002), p. 196] The Persian army headed for Alexandria, where Nicetas, Heraclius' cousin and local governor, was unable to offer effective resistance. He and the Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, fled the city to Cyprus,Frye (1993), p. 169] which, according to the "Khuzistan Chronicle", was betrayed to the Persians by a certain Peter. [Dodgeon et.al. (2002), pp. 196, 235]

After the fall of Alexandria, the Persians gradually extended their rule southwards along the Nile. Sporadic resistance required some mopping-up operations, but by 621, the province was securely in Persian hands. [Howard-Johnston (2006), p. 99]

Aftermath

Egypt would remain in Persian hands for 10 years, run by general Shahrbaraz from Alexandria.Howard-Johnston (2006), p. 124] As the new Roman emperor, Heraclius, reversed the tide and defeated Khosrau, Shahrbaraz was ordered to evacuate the province, but refused. In the end, Heraclius, trying both to recover Egypt and to sow disunion amongst the Persians, offered to help Shahrbaraz seize the Persian throne for himself. An agreement was reached, and in the summer of 629, the Persian troops began leaving Egypt.

References

Sources

*cite book |last=Dodgeon |first=Michael H. |coauthors=Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226–363 AD) |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-003423 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC |pages=196-97
*cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last=Frye |first=R. N. |editor=Yarshater, Ehsan; Bailey, Harold ; |year=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521200929 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC |chapter=The Political History of Iran under the Sassanids
*cite book |last=Howard-Johnston |first=James |authorlink=James Howard-Johnston |title=East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies |year=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=0-860-78992-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1U4rUaLdYnQC