Rhythm changes

In jazz and jazz harmony, rhythm changes is a modified form of the chord progression of George Gershwin's song "I Got Rhythm", which form the basis of countless (usually uptempo) jazz compositions. Rhythm changes were popular with swing-era musicians – they are used in "Shoe Shine Boy" (Lester Young's 1929 breakout recording with Count Basie) and "Cotton Tail" ["Duke Ellington the Man and His Music", p.20. Luvenia A. George. "Music Educators Journal", Vol. 85, No. 6 (May, 1999), pp. 15-21. Published by: MENC: The National Association for Music Education.] written by Duke Ellington in 1940, for instance.

Their later popularity is largely due to their extensive use by early bebop musicians. "I Got Rhythm" was already a popular jazz standard, and by writing a new song over its chord changes (a type of composition known as a contrafact), the tune could be copyrighted to the artist instead of requiring that royalties be paid to the Gershwin estate.

In popular music "rhythm changes" refers to just the first four chords of the jazz progression. These form the total harmonic basis of an enormous number of popular hits that came out during the 1950s, 1960s, and beyond.

Structure

"Rhythm changes" are a thirty-two-bar form. In Roman numeral shorthand, the actual chords used in the "A" section are
I vi | ii V | (tonic-submediant-supertonic-dominant) played twice, then
I I7 | IV #iv°7 | I V | I
(or | I I7 | IV iv |, which is what Gershwin originally wrote) In C major, for example, these chords would be
C Am7 | Dm G | C Am7 | Dm G
C C7 | F F#° | C G | C | (or | C C7 | F Fm |)The "bridge" consists of a series of dominant sevenths that follow the circle of fifths, sustained for two bars each and thus conveying the sense of a shifting key center:
III7 | ÷ | VI7 | ÷
II7 | ÷ | V7 | ÷
In our example, we begin with an E7, followed by an A7, then D7 and finally G7, bringing us back to the original key for a final reprise of the A section. A two-bar "tag" at the end of the Gershwin tune is generally omitted. While rhythm changes can be played in any key, they are most commonly played in concert B-flat and sometimes E-flat.

Variant versions of the A section changes are legion: often the beboppers, for instance, would superimpose series of "two-fives" (passing sequences of minor-7th and dominant-7th chords) on the A section in order to make things interesting for themselves (and in order to discourage lesser musicians from sitting in on the bandstand).

The component A and B sections of rhythm changes were also sometimes used for other tunes: for instance, Charlie Parker's "Scrapple from the Apple" uses the chord changes of "Honeysuckle Rose" for the A section, but replaces the B section with "Rhythm"'s | III7 | VI7 | II7 | V7 | bridge. Other tunes, such as Sonny Stitt's "The Eternal Triangle", or "the Muppet Show Theme", use the A section of "Rhythm" but have a different bridge. Often in rhythm changes tunes, the B section is left free for improvisation even during the head (e.g. in Sonny Rollins' "Oleo").

Examples

The following is a partial list of songs based on Rhythm Changes.

*Anthropology (Charlie Parker/Dizzy Gillespie)
*Cotton Tail (Duke Ellington)
*Good Bait (Tadd Dameron)
*Lester Leaps In (Lester Young)
*Mosse the Mooche (Parker)
*Oleo (Sonny Rollins)
*Rhythm-A-Ning (Thelonius Monk)
*Straighten Up and Fly Right (Nat King Cole)
*Meet the Flintstones (Hoyt Curtin)

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