Gottfried von Droste

Gottfried von Droste (1908 - 1992) , a.k.a. Gottfried von Droste zu Vischering-Padberg, was a German physical chemist. He worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry. He independently predicted that nuclear fission would release a large amount of energy. During World War II, he participated in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club. In the latter years of the war, he worked at the Reich’s University of Strassburg. After the war, he worked at the Federal Physical and Technical Institute and also held a position at the Technical University of Braunschweig.

Education

From 1926 to 1933, Droste studied at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and the "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität" (later, the " Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin"). He received his doctorate in 1933, from the University of Berlin. His thesis advisor was Lise Meitner, who was an adjunct professor ("nichtbeamteter ausserordentlicher Professor") at the University of Berlin and directed doctoral research in her own section at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie" (KWIC, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, after WW II the " Max Planck Institut für Chemie - Otto Hahn Institut"), in Berlin-Dahlem. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for von Droste.] [ Ruth Lewin Sime "Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics" (California, paperback edition, 1997) p. 110.]

Career

From 1933, von Droste was a member of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA). From 1937, he was a member of the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" (NSDAP, National Socialist Workers Party). [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for von Droste.]

From 1933 to 1942, von Droste was a scientific assistant ("Mitarbeiter") at the KWIC, where Otto Hahn was the director and Lise Meitner headed a department. While at the KWIC, Droste contributed [ Gottfried von Droste "Bericht über einen Versuch mit 2t Natriumuranat" G-24 (24 September 1940).] [ Gottfried von Droste "Über den Spaltprozess bei Präparat 38" G-78 (1941).] to the German nuclear energy project, also known as the "Uranverein" (Uranium Club). [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for von Droste.] [ Ruth Lewin Sime "Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics" (California, paperback edition, 1997) p. 262.]

In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to " Naturwissenschaften" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; [ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" ("On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons"), "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 27, Number 1, 11-15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie", Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.] simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to The Netherlands and then went to Sweden. [ Ruth Lewin Sime "Lise Meitner’s Escape from Germany", "American Journal of Physics" Volume 58, Number 3, 263- 267 (1990).] Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. [Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction", "Nature", Volume 143, Number 3615, 239-240 [http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/meitner/index.html (11 February 1939)] . The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen. ] Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. [ O. R. Frisch "Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment", "Nature", Volume 143, Number 3616, 276-276 [http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Frisch-Fission-1939.html (18 February 1939)] . The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see Richard Rhodes "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" 263 and 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).] ] [ In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn. See the following references: Ruth Lewin Sime "From Exceptional Prominence to Prominent Exception: Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry" [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse24.pdf Ergebnisse 24] Forschungsprogramm "Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus" (2005); Ruth Lewin Sime "Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics" (University of California, 1997); and Elisabeth Crawford, Ruth Lewin Sime, and Mark Walker "A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice", "Physics Today" Volume 50, Issue 9, 26-32 (1997).] Droste and Siegfried Flügge, an assistant to Hahn, independently also predicted a large energy release from nuclear fission. [ Siegfried Flügge and Gottfried von Droste "Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran", "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie B" Volume 4, 274–280 (1939). Received on 22 January 1939.]

From 1942 to 1944, von Droste was at the "Reichsuniversität Straßburg" (Reich’s University of Strassburg), which had been founded in 1941, in German occupied France. He held his position there until 1944, when the Allied military forces liberated Strasbourg from German occupation. From 1944 to 1945, he was at Walther Bothe’s "Institut für Physik" (Institute for Physics) of the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung" (KWImF, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung), in Heidelberg. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for von Droste.]

After World War II, the denazification process began. When Droste faced the proceedings, he turned to Werner Heisenberg, a prominent member of the "Uranverein", for testamentary support – a document known as a "Persilschein" (whitewash certificate). [ "Persilschein" a play on words using the name of the German detergent "Persil".] Heisenberg was a particularly powerful writer of these documents, as he had never been a member of the NSDAP, he had publicly clashed with the NSDAP and the Schutzstaffel (SS), and he had been appointed by the British occupation authorities to the chair for theoretical physics and the directorship of the " Max-Planck Institut für Physik" then in Göttingen. Heisenberg wrote the document. In February 1947, Droste also requested support from Meitner; for complex reasons, she provided a document carefully vouching for his behavior without commenting on his character. Hahn too provided a "Persilschein" for von Droste, but Hahn also sent a critical letter to von Droste. [ Mark Walker "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949" (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 197-199, 263n57, and 263n52.] [ Ruth Lewin Sime "Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics" (California, paperback edition, 1997) pp. 350-351.] [ Mark Walker "Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression", "Physics in Perspective" Volume 8, 123-124 (2006).] [ Ruth Lewin Sime "The Politics of Memory: Otto Han and the Third Reich", "Physics in Perspective" Volume 8, 34 (2006).]

From 1946 to 1951, von Droste was in the Physics Department of the University of Heidelberg. From 1951 until his retirement in 1973, he was employed at the "Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt" (PTB, Federal Physical and Technical Institute), in Braunschweig. He also held a position at the "Technische Universität Braunschweig" from 1967 to 1972 and was "Regierungsdirektor" (Government Director) from 1951 to 1973. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for von Droste.] [ Mark Walker "Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression", "Physics in Perspective" Volume 8, 124n* (2006).]

Internal reports

The following reports were published in "Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte" ("Research Reports in Nuclear Physics"), an internal publication of the German " Uranverein". The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix E; see the entry for "Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte".] [ Walker, 1993, 268–274.]

*Gottfried von Droste "Bericht über einen Versuch mit 2t Natriumuranat" G-24 (24 September 1940)

*Gottfried von Droste "Über den Spaltprozess bei Präparat 38" G-78 (1941) ["Präparat 38", "38-Oxyd", and "38" were the cover names for uranium oxide; see [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/archiv/archiv-online/geheimdokumente/forschungszentren/leipzig/schichtenanordnung-h2o/ Deutsches Museum] .]

elected Literature by Droste

*Gottfried von Droste "Über die Anzahl der Ausschläge eines Zählrohres bei Bestrahlung mit γ-Strahlen verschiedener Wellenlänge", "Zeitschrift für Physik" Volume 100, Numbers 9-10, 529-533 (1936). Received on 15 March 1936. The author was identified as being at the "physikalisch-radioaktive Abteilung, Kaiser Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem".

*Siegfried Flügge and Gottfried von Droste "Energetische Betrachtungen zu der Entstehung von Barium bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Uran", "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie B" Volume 4, 274–280 (1939). Received on 22 January 1939.

*Gottfried von Droste and Hermann Reddemann "Über die beim Zerspalten des Urankerns auftrentnden Neutronen", "Die Naturwissenschaften" Volume 27, 371-372 (1939)

Bibliography

*Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) "Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources" (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0. [This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents relating to physics under National Socialism. The documents have been translated and annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.]

*Sime, Ruth Lewin "Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics" (California, paperback edition, 1997)

*Sime, Ruth Lewin "The Politics of Memory: Otto Han and the Third Reich", "Physics in Perspective" Volume 8, 3-51 (2006)

*Walker, Mark "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949" (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7

*Walker, Mark "Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression", "Physics in Perspective" Volume 8, 116-163 (2006)

Notes