Wahba Zuhayli

Dr. Professor Sheikh Wahba Mustafa al-Zuhayli (1932-) born in Dair Atiah, Syria is a prominent Sunni professor and Islamic scholar specializing in Islamic law and legal philosophy. He is also currently a preacher at Badr Mosque in Dair Atiah. He is the author of scores of books on Islamic and secular law, many of which have been translated to English. He is chairman of Islamic jurisprudence in the College of Sharia at Damascus University. He is also a signatory to the Amman Message and A Common Word documents.

Biography

Dr. Zuhayli was born in the Syrian town of Dair Atiah, north of Damascus, to a father who was a farmer by occupation. Zuhayli studied sharia in the University of Damascus for six years, graduating in 1952 at the top of his class. Zuhayli furthered his Islamic education at the prestigious Al-Azhar University where he again graduated at the top of his class in 1956. After graduating in 1956, Dr. Zuhayli also received an ijaza in teaching Arabic from Al-Azhar.

While studying in al-Azhar, Dr. Zuhayli studied law in Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt where he received a bachelors degree magna cum laude in 1957. In 1959, he received a masters degree in law from Cairo University's College of Law. In 1963, he received his doctorate with honors in law with a major in Islamic sharia, his thesis was "The Influences of War on Islamic Jurisprudence: A comparative study including the eight schools of Islamic law and secular international law."

Since 1963 he has taught at Damascus University where he has been professor since 1975. He lectures in both the colleges of sharia and law and he specializes in Islamic law, Islamic legal philosophy, and comparative legal systems. He has also taught as a visiting professor at the faculty of law at University of Benghazi in Libya (1972-1974), the faculty of sharia law at the University of the United Arab Emirates (1984-1989), the University of Khartoum, Sudan, and the Islamic University of Riyadh. Dr. Zuhayli has also taught the principles of Islamic legal writing and evidence for graduate students in Sudan, Pakistan, and elsewhere. Dr. Zuhayli's erudite understanding of Islamic law caused him to be chosen to design the curriculum of Damascus University's College of Sharia in the late 1960s [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/biograp1.htm Dr. Zuhayli's Biography ] ] .

He is a member of the Royal Society for Research on Islamic Civilization of the Aal al-Bayt Foundation in Amman Jordan as well as many other worldwide Islamic legal bodies including the Syrian Majis al-Ifta, Islamic Fiqh Academy in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Fiqh Academies of the United States, India, and Sudan. He is also Chairman of the Research Institute for Islamic Financial Institutions. Many of his books and writings also concern secular legal systems, such as international law or the law of the United Arab Emirates.

He also serves as Islamic legal consultant to Islamic financial companies and institutions including the International Islamic Bank. He is also a well known religious preacher in the Islamic world, appearing frequently on television and radio programs; he also frequently appears in the Arab press. He was a former imam and preacher at the Othman Mosque in Damascus and currently is summer preacher at the Badr Mosque in Dair Atiah.

Zuhayli's Edicts

Dr. Zuhayli is widely regarded as one of the foremost experts on Islamic law and legal theory in the world as well as a public intellectual and popular preacher [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/biograp3.htm Dr. Zuhayli's Biography 2 ] ] . In his position on the Syrian Majis al-Ifta he is responsible for issuing fatwa or religious edicts. Many of Dr. Zuhayli's edicts can be seen as very moderate - including his support for what he calls Islamic democracy, human rights, and freedom.

Sunni Islamic Othodoxy

Zuhayli has defended traditional orthodox Sunni Islam - regarding the Ashari and Maturidi schools of belief to be orthodox and defending the option of lay Muslims to follow a madhhab or school of Islamic jurisprudence in their everyday lives. His works on Islamic legal theory establish that traditional Sunni Islamic orthodoxy is defined by that which complies to one of the four valid Sunni madhhab, however he has also stated that following one of the four madhhab is not obligatory - what is religiously obligatory is for the layman, defined as one who has not achieved the ability of independent legal reasoning, is to follow a competent valid orthodox Mufti [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p27.htm#2 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Taqlid ] ] . He has stated that "the truth is that the majority of Ahl al-Sunnah were of the opinion that one should follow one of the four madhhab, yet others who disagreed with them, and they are also from Ahl al-Sunnah had a different opinion and proofs and this is a place of recorded debate; it is the duty of the Muslim to obey what the scholars agreed upon (ijma) and this is the majority of legal questions, yet he does not have to obey the opinions of any particular group or sect, and we do not establish a ruling of disbelief nor do we argue with such people due to the fact that each group has their proofs, scholars, and teachers [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p51.htm#24 Dr. Zuhayli on Talfiq ] ] ." He states that the layman has no madhhab and may simply rely on a valid Mufti with a proper ijaza in one of the madhhab to establish legal rulings. He also defends the right of Muslims to follow different madhhab in different legal questions, as long as this is done with certain conditions such as not doing so to follow the easiest position in every school - although looking for an easier position in another school occasionally is allowed under certain conditions [ [http://alkashif.wordpress.com/2006/11/30/selections-from-shaikh-wahbah-al-zuhaylis-al-fiqh-al-islami-wa-adillatuhu-taqlid-talfiq-and-weaker-opinions-2/ Selections from Shaikh Wahbah al-Zuhayli's al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu: Taqlid, Talfiq, and Weaker Opinions ] ] .

His position on celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's birthday or mawlid is that it is permitted and even encouraged as long as it is not believed to be a religious obligation or an act of worship and is free of sin. He has also defended the Qaṣīdah al-Burda poem of Busiri from attacks by some puritanical Muslim groups [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p27.htm#12 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Mawlid ] ] .

Dr. Zuhayli has also taken a very moderate position on Sufism. In many ways he has been very conservative in his fatwa on Sufism, being critical of what he sees as heretical innovation (bid'ah) and even in some cases disbelief (kufr) committed by some Sufi groups which he calls "unaccepted" and "blameworthy." One such heresy he has opposed is the calling upon pious saints or the Prophet Muhammad to answer one's prayer - believing such possessed omnipotence or power independent of God [ [http://www.alsoufia.com/articles.aspx?id=1933&page_id=0&page_size=15&links=False Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Sufism 2 ] ] . However, al-Zuhayli has defended the practice of beseeching God through the intercession of the Prophet and saints (tawassul) saying this has been "absolutely permitted by the people of the sunnah, whether in life or after death, by many proofs from our scholars who wrote about it in the books of theology and jurisprudence [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p23.htm Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Tawassul2 ] ] ." He has also affirmed that the best litanies are those set down in the Qur'an and hadith. Yet he has also said that joining a Sufi order (tariqa) would be "acceptable" if such an order was learned and in complete compliance to the sharia and orthodox Sunni Islamic theology. His position is similar to classical Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali and Ahmad Zarruq.

In one fatwa, Zuhayli clarified what he saw as two types of Sufism:

"There are two types of Sufism: praiseworthy Sufism and blameworthy Sufism.

The praised is that which is in agreement with the Qur'an and sunnah. It means the healing of the soul and excellence in directing oneself to God as well as connecting with God which cannot happen without litanies based in the Qur'an and the example of the Prophet Muhammad.

The blamed is that which is in excess of this with its formalities and exaggerations such as the drum and the horn - which fall under deviant innovations. This is what (classical) Islamic legal scholars such as al-Qurtubi stated and it is also my position.

With deep regret, drums and horns have entered into our mosques during mawlid ceremonies, and this is what many scholars had called deviant and without sound foundation (in Islamic law), and this is my position. I love the people of Sufism who are moderate, those who are committed to the Qur'an and sunnah; and I hate (the Sufism) of heretical innovations and that which is alien to Islam, this is my methodology [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa8.htm#2 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Sufism ] ] ."

Dr. Zuhayli has also been critical of Wahhabism or Salafism, using both terms to describe the sect in his edicts. Salafis who fall into anthropomorphism due to their literal interpretation of certain verses of the Qur'an are said to be in "manifest error [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p26.htm#30 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Salafis ] ] ." He has also condemned certain groups of Salafis who have advocated violence [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p19.htm#8 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Salafis 2 ] ] . Yet he has also stated numerous times his dislike for argumentation with Salafis and has stated that "the Wahhabis are not disbelievers," although he has strongly disagreed with many of their views [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/fatawa_p56.htm#7 Dr. Zuhayli's Fatwa on Amr Khaled2 ] ] .

Islamic International Law

Dr. Zuhayli is one of the world's leading experts on Islamic international law. His works have been quoted in western scholarly works such as Sohail Hashimi's "Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Religious and Secular" and Reuven Firestone's "Disparity and Resolution in the Qurʾānic Teachings on War: A Reevaluation of a Traditional Problem." In a scholarly article presented in 2005 to the International Committee of the Red Cross entitled "Islam and International Law" al-Zuhayli argued that the basis between Muslims and non-Muslim countries under Islamic law is one of peace and not war, and that war must be avoided and a last resort to be considered jus ad bellum. Moreover, al-Zuhayli established that combative jihad was only permissible in three specific situations:

(1) "aggression against Muslims, either individually or collectively, as preachers for Islam, or attempts to make Muslims apostates or the launching of war against Muslims."(2) "assistance for the victims of injustice, whether individuals or groups."(3) "self-defence and to ward off attacks on one’s homeland."

al-Zuhayli also argues that Islamic law maintains that non-combatants must not be killed during a war and that property damage is prohibited unless it is limited to that which directly relates to military combat. He also argues that war must never be waged to force non-Muslims to convert to Islam or for account of their religion, but only in relation to aggression. He bewails the thesis of Samuel Huntington relating to the clash of civilizations and instead affirms that the Qur'an praises the diversity of humanity [ [http://www.citadel.edu/smll/Seminar/Additional%20Resources/Zuhili,%20Islam%20and%20International%20Law.pdf] ] .

Teachers and Students

Some of Dr. Zuhayli's religious teachers include:

*Sheikh Ahmed Sumaq in the Qu'ran
*Sheikh Mahmoud Yassin, in Hadith
*Sheikh Mahmoud Alrnkusi in speculative theology (kalam)
*Sheikh Hashem al-Khatib in Shafii jurisprudence
*Sheikh Abu Kassab Hassan in Arabic grammar
*Sheikh Saleh Alverwor in Arabic language and literature
*Professor Jawdat al-Mardini in rhetoric
*Sheikh Hassan Al-Khatib in ethics
*Sheikh Issa Menon, Dean of the Faculty of Sharia at al-Azhar, in Comparative Jurisprudence
*Sheikh Mohammad Ali Zoubi in the jurisprudence of worship
*Dr. Mohamed Salam, and Sheikh Faraj Alnohori in graduate studies in comparative jurisprudence

His teachers at Ain Shams University Law School include:

Sheikh Ahmed Issawiya, Sheikh Zaki Din Sha'ban, Dr. Abdel Munim al-Badrawi, Dr. Osman and Dr. Khalil Suleiman Tamawi, Dr. Ali Rashid, Dr. Helmi Murad, Dr. Yahya al-Jamal, Dr. Ali Younis, Dr. Mohamed Ali Imam, and Dr. Aktham Khouli.

His students include:

Dr. Mohamed Al Zoheily his brother, Dr. Mohamed Farouk Hamada, Dr. Muhammad Naeem Yassin, Dr. Abdel-Sattar Abu Ghuddah, Dr. Abdul Latif Erfurt, Dr. Mohammed Abu Leil, Dr. Abdul Salam Abbadi, Dr. Mohammad Shurbaji, Dr. Majed Abu Sergio,Dr. Hamza Hamza, and other university professors in the Faculty of Sharia, and hundreds of teachers of religious education at the Syrian Education Ministry. As well as over forty who have graduated a generation on its hands in Syria, some in Libya, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and thousands of people in the Orient, Morocco, the United States, Malaysia, Afghanistan, and Indonesia [ [http://www.zuhayli.net/biograp3.htm Dr. Zuhayli's Biography 2 ] ] .

Works

Dr. Zuhayli has written numerous extremely detailed works mostly about Islamic law and legal theory. In total, Dr. al-Zuhayli has written over one hundred and sixty books. Among them are:

*Athar al-Harb fi al-Fiqh al-Islami: Dirasa Muqarin ("The Influences of War in Islamic Jurisprudence: A comparative study"). It has been translated into French.
*al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adilataha ("Islamic Jurisprudence and its Proofs") a very long eight volume summary of the different schools of Islamic jurisprudence and their debates on various legal questions. It has been translated into Turkish, Urdu, Malay, and Farisi and is currently being translated into English.
*Usul al-Fiqh al-Islami ("The Roots of Islamic Jurisprudence") a two volume treatise on Islamic legal theory and philosophy.
*al-Fiqh al-Islami `ala Madhhab al-Maliki ("Islamic Jurisprudence according to the Maliki madhhab")
*Financial Transactions in Islamic Jurisprudence, a detailed two volume treatise on modern Islamic business law.
*al-'Alaqat al-Dawali fi al-Islam ("International Relations in Islam"), a detailed treatise on Islamic international law.
*al-Huquq al-Insan fi al-Fiqh al-Islami bi al-Ishtirak ma` al-Akhireen ("Human Rights in Islamic Jurisprudence concerning dealings with others")
*al-Islam Din Shura wa Dimuqratiyah ("Islam: A Religion of Consultation and Democracy")
*Haqq al-Huriyah fi al-'Alam ("The Right to Freedom in the World")
*Asl Muqaranit al-Adyan ("The Foundations of Comparative Religions) which has been translated into English
*Al-`Uqud al-Musama fi al-Qanun al-Mu`amilat al-Madani al-Emirati ("Named Contracts in the Civil Law of the United Arab Emirates")
*Tafir al-Muneer ("The Enlightened Exegesis") an exegesis of the Qur'an which is 17 volumes long.

[ [http://www.zuhayli.net/books_com.htm Dr. Zuhayli's Biography 2 ] ] .

Notes

External links

* http://www.zuhayli.net
*http://www.citadel.edu/smll/Seminar/Additional%20Resources/Zuhili,%20Islam%20and%20International%20Law.pdf