Joseph D. Schulman

Joseph D. (Daniel) Schulman is a physician, medical researcher, and biomedical entrepreneur in the fields of genetics diseases and human reproduction.

Dr. Schulman was born in 1941 in Brooklyn, New York, educated in the New York City public schools, and graduated "summa cum laude" from Brooklyn College. He then studied at Harvard Medical School (M.D. "cum laude", 1966), the Massachusetts General Hospital, the National Institutes of Health, and Cornell Medical College, and became qualified in the specialties of pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, and medical genetics. Dr. Schulman then worked at Cambridge University with Drs. Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe helping to develop the first methods for successful human in-vitro fertilization (IVF).

In 1974, Dr. Schulman joined the staff of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development where he headed the Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, and founded and was first Director of the Interinstitute Program in Medical Genetics. He remained at the National Institutes of Health until 1983. During this period, the major research contributions of Dr. Schulman and his associates were in the field of the inborn errors of metabolism, especially diseases of sulfur metabolism. They demonstrated that cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease caused by hereditary absence of the transmembrane lysosomal carrier for cystine [1] , and proved that the enzyme gammma-glutamyl transpeptidase was not, contrary to current theory, required for normal transcellular amino acid transport [2] . Dr. Schulman and Dr. David Cogan of the National Eye Institute were also the first to utilize cysteamine eyedrops for treatment of the painful photophobia and ocular crystals characteristic of cystinosis, and this treatment is widely utilized today. The prevention of abnormal genital masculinization in female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia by prenatal administration of dexamethasone to the mother, first proposed and utilized by Dr. Schulman and his colleagues at NIH, has also become a widely accepted therapy [3] .

In 1984, Dr. Schulman founded the Genetics & IVF Institute, which has pioneered the development and early introduction of numerous innovative diagnoses and treatments in human genetics and infertility, and is now an international company in these fields. The Institute was the first in the United States to introduce transvaginal non-surgical IVF (replacing laparoscopy and now the standard method worldwide), and also to report pregnancies using ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) for the treatment of severe male infertility. The Institute also was one of the first centers in the world to introduce chorionic villous sampling (CVS) as an earlier alternative to amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis, the first to offer clinical testing for certain common mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes which cause a significant fraction of hereditary breast cancers, and the first to offer prenatal testing for cystic fibrosis. Dr. Schulman and associates also developed the world's first system for the use of non-disclosing preimplantation genetics testing for the prevention of Huntington disease [4] . More recently, Dr. Schulman and his colleagues have established that flow-cytometric sorting (MicroSort) of living human sperm can greatly modify the proportion of viable X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm [5] , and that such technology can substantially increase the proportion of girls or boys born after insemination with sorted sperm [6] . The Institute under Dr. Schulman's direction was also responsible for starting the first modern genetics/infertility treatment center in China, and this facility in Shanghai is currently one of the largest IVF programs in the world.

Dr. Schulman was CEO of the Genetics & IVF Institute [7] until 1998, and remains Chairman of its Board of Directors. He is also an affiliate professor at the medical schools of Virginia Commonwealth University and the University of California - San Diego. Additional information on Dr. Schulman and his work is provided in Who's Who is America and various online sources including the Medline database of biomedical publications.

References

1. Science, 217:1263, 1982

2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 65:68, 1975

3. Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci., 458:156, 1985

4. Clinical Genetics, 49:57, 1996

5. Human Reproduction, 8:1733, 1993

6. Human Reproduction, 13:2367, 1998 and subsequent publications

7. See www.givf.com