Joseph Williamson (philanthropist)

Infobox Person
name = Joseph Williamson

---

caption = Joseph Williamson
birth_date = birth date|1769|3|10
birth_place = Yorkshire
death_date = death date and age|1840|5|1|1769|3|10
death_place = Liverpool
resting_place = St Thomas' Church, Liverpool
other_names =
known_for = Philanthropy, Tunnel building
occupation = Merchant
nationality = English
spouse = Elizabeth Tate

Joseph Williamson (10 March 1769–1 May 1840) was an eccentric businessman, property owner, and a philanthropist who is best known for the tunnels which were constructed under his direction in the Edge Hill area of Liverpool, England. His tunnel-building activity earned him nicknames, including "The Mole of Edge Hill", "The Mad Mole" and "The King of Edge Hill". Moore, p. 75.]

Biography

For many years it was thought that Joseph Williamson was born in Warrington. However, research by staff and volunteers of the Williamson Tunnels Heritage Centre has shown that he was born in Yorkshire and that his father was a glassmaker in a small village near Wakefield. [cite web |url=http://www.williamsontunnels.co.uk/view.php?page=news |title=Was Joseph Williamson a Yorkshireman? |accessdate=2008-08-01 |date=2007-10-11 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Williamson Tunnels Heritage Centre |pages= ] At an early age, his family moved to Warrington. In 1790, when he was aged 11, he left his family and went to Liverpool where he was employed in the tobacco and snuff business of Richard Tate. He gained promotion within the business and also developed his own merchant's business in partnership with Joseph Leigh. In 1787 Richard Tate died and control of the business passed to his son, Thomas Moss Tate. Williamson married Thomas' sister, Elizabeth, in St Thomas' Church, Liverpool in 1802. The following year Williamson purchased the business from Thomas Moss Tate and from this, together with his other business enterprises, he amassed a considerable fortune.Murden, Jon, 'Williamson, Joseph (1769-1840)', "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, online edn, October 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/74852] , accessed 30 July 2008.] cite web |url=http://www.williamsontunnels.com/story.htm |title=The Story |accessdate=2008-07-31 |publisher=Friends of Williamson's Tunnels ] In 1805 Williamson bought an area known as the Long Broom Field on Mason Street, Edge Hill, Liverpool, which was a largely undeveloped outcrop of sandstone and around this time moved into a house on Mason Street. He then began to build more houses in Mason Street which were built without any plans and which were "of the strangest description". The land behind the houses dropped sharply for about convert|20|ft|m|0 and, as it was the fashion to have large gardens and orchards behind them, he built brick arches onto which the gardens could be extended. Following this, he continued to employ his workmen, and recruited more, to perform tasks, some of which appeared to be useless, such as moving materials from one place to another and then back again. He also used the men to build a labyrinth of underground halls and brick-arched tunnels. Labour was plentiful at the time and with the ending of the Napoleonic wars in 1816, there were even more unemployed men in Liverpool. The tunnels were built at depths between convert|10|ft|m|0 and convert|50|ft|m|0 and they stretched for several miles. [Whittington-Egan, p. 8.]

Williamson retired from his business in 1818 but continued to be a landlord, one of his tenants being the Unitarian philosopher, James Martineau. [cite web |url=http://www.williamsontunnels.com/articles.htm |title=Martineau's Tunnels ... |accessdate=2008-08-04 |publisher=Friends of Williamson's Tunnels ] His wife died in 1822 and he then became increasingly eccentric, devoting almost all of his time to supervising his excavations and tunnel-building. In the 1830s came into contact with George Stephenson who was building the extension of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway from Edge Hill to Lime Street stations and whose own excavations passed through those of Williamson. Williamson died in 1840 aged 71 at his home in Mason Street, the cause of death being "water on the chest". He was buried in the Tate family crypt at St Thomas' Church and left an estate of £39,000. He left no immediate descendant. The tunnelling ceased with his death. In 1911 St Thomas' church was demolished. Many of the graves were removed but the Tate vault remained. In 1920 the site became a car park. During the Paradise Street development in 2005 the grave was discovered in an archaeological dig. The developers of the site, Grosvenor Henderson, plan to build a memorial garden to Williamson when the development is complete. [cite web |url=http://www.williamsontunnels.com/news.htm |title=Williamson's grave found at last! |accessdate=2008-08-03 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2005-10-23 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Friends of Williamson's Tunnels |pages= ]

Personality

There is much evidence of Williamson's eccentricity in addition to his tunnel-building activity. His own house and the other houses built under his direction were unorthodox and often impractical in design.Moore, p. 76.] On the day of his wedding, following the ceremony he went hunting, still dressed in his wedding clothes. [Stonehouse (1863), p. 170.] On one occasion he invited guests for dinner but served them only a simple meal of porridge and hard biscuits. Many of the visitors then left. He described those who remained as his real friends and invited them to stay for a more lavish feast. [Stonehouse (1863), p. 181.] Relationships with his wife were not always amicable and he said himself that they led a "cat and dog" life. [Quoted in Stonehouse (1863), p. 171.] On one occasion Williamson set free all the birds in his wife's aviary, declaring that it was a pity that men did not also have wings to enable them to enjoy liberty. His manner varied from being "rough and uncouth" to "kind and considerate". His clothes were patched and untidy but his underclothes were clean and fine. [Stonehouse (1863), p. 171.] He was a religious man and a regular member of the congregation at St Thomas' church.

Motivation

The reasons for his building the tunnels have been widely discussed. According to Stonehouse, he was secretive about his motives. This has led to speculation that he was a member of an extremist religious sect fearing that the end of the world was near and that the tunnels were built to provide refuge from himself and his friends. However the most likely explanation is Williamson's own, that his workers "all received a weekly wage and were thus enabled to enjoy the blessing of charity without the attendant curse of stifled self respect", his prime motive being "the employment of the poor". [Quoted in Whittington-Egan, p. 9.]

References

Notes

Bibliography

*cite book | last =Stonehouse | first =James| authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Recollections of Old Liverpool |edition= | publisher =J. F. Hughes | year =1863 | location =Liverpool | pages = | url =http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21324/21324-h/21324-h.htm#startoftext | doi = | id = | isbn =
*cite book | last =Moore | first =Jim | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Underground Liverpool: Joseph Williamson - The King of Edge Hill |edition= | publisher =The Bluecoat Press | year = 1998| location =Liverpool | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =1 872568 43 2
*cite book | last =Whittington-Egan | first =Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Liverpool Characters and Eccentrics |edition= | publisher =The Gallery Press | year =1985 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =978-0900389221

Further reading

*cite book | last =Stonehouse | first =James| authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Streets of Liverpool |edition= | publisher =Edward Howell | year =1869 | location =Liverpool | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =
*cite book | last =Hand | first =Charles | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire|edition= | publisher = | year =1916 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =
*cite book | last =Hand | first =Charles | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire|edition= | publisher = | year =1927 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =
*cite book | last =Clensy | first =David | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Mole of Edge Hill: The World of Williamson's Tunnels |edition= | publisher =Lulu.com | year =2006 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =978-1411617926

ee also

*Williamson Tunnels

External links

* [http://www.williamsontunnels.com/index.htm Friends of Williamson's Tunnels]
* [http://www.williamsontunnels.co.uk/ Williamson Tunnels Heritage Centre]